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The ESX-1 secretion system (early secreted antigen 6 kilodaltons [ESAT-6] system 1) delivers protein virulence factors essential for phagosome lysis, facilitating infection. The mechanisms underlying ESX-1 lytic activity in heterogeneous environments remain unknown. Here, we show that the canonical Type VII secretion system, ESX-1, orchestrates substrate switching in response to different environments. Growing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium marinum<\/jats:italic>\n                      at acidic pH resulted in substrate switching\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Substrate switching was accompanied by significant changes to the levels of ESX-1 substrate transcripts and to the levels of both ESX-1 substrates and chaperones at the protein level. We showed that specific ESX-1 transcripts were significantly upregulated\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      and that distinct substrate sets are required in an acidic infection model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pathogenic mycobacteria cause chronic and acute disease. Mycobacterial pathogens promote infection by transporting bacterial proteins into the host using ESX\/Type VII secretion systems. The ESX-1 system secretes proteins into the phagosome that release the bacteria into the cytoplasm and promote bacterial survival in the macrophage. We show that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium marinum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , an animal pathogen and model for studying ESX-1 and tuberculosis, switches which ESX-1 proteins are secreted in response to acidic pH, an infection relevant signal. We demonstrate that protein secretion reflects changes in substrate transcripts and in substrate and chaperone protein levels. Finally, we leveraged two infection models to support that ESX-1 substrate switching likely occurs during infection. Our findings support a model in which mycobacterial pathogens use different proteins to lyse macrophage phagosomes of different pH.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00056-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T13:01:03Z","timestamp":1777467663000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["pH-responsive substrate switching in mycobacterial type VII ESX secretion"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1736-5770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Owen A.","family":"Collars","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009yjbg58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame","place":["Notre Dame, 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