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In this paper, we examined the release of 30 inflammatory proteins in whole-blood samples obtained from persons with coccidioidal pneumonia after the blood samples were incubated with a preparation made from the causative fungus,<jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>. We found that six of these proteins, all cytokines, were specifically released in high concentrations in these patients. Three of the cytokines were seen very early in disease, and an assay for all six might serve as a marker for the early diagnosis of Valley fever.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00065-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]],"date-time":"2018-05-15T08:20:53Z","timestamp":1526372453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["<i>Ex Vivo<\/i>Cytokine Release, Determined by a Multiplex Cytokine Assay, in Response to Coccidioidal Antigen Stimulation of Whole Blood among Subjects with Recently Diagnosed Primary Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Neil M.","family":"Ampel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Robey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinh T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brentin","family":"Roller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"August","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Knox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demosthenes","family":"Pappagianis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3730-3_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MYCO.0000003580.93839.71"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"330","article-title":"The use of coccidioidin","volume":"57","author":"Smith CE","year":"1948","unstructured":"Smith CE, Whiting EG, Baker EE, Rosenberger HG, Beard R, Saito MT. 1948. 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