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Its transmission through the contaminated surface water\/wildlife intersect is significant, and the water-dwelling rodents beavers have been implicated as one important reservoir. To trace human infections to their source, we used genome techniques to characterize genetic relationships among 89\n            <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates from surface water, humans, and animals. Our study showed the presence of two previously described genetic assemblages, A and B, with mixed infections detected from isolates collected during outbreaks. Study findings also showed that while assemblage A could be divided into A1 and A2, A1 showed little genetic variation among animal and human hosts in isolates collected from across the globe. Assemblage B, the most common type found in the study surface water samples, was shown to be highly variable. Our study demonstrates that the beaver is a possible source of human infections from contaminated surface water, while acknowledging that theirs is only one role in the complex cycle of zoonotic spread. Mixes of parasite groups have been detected in waterborne outbreaks. More information on\n            <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n            diversity and its evolution using genomics will further the understanding of the epidemiology of spread of this disease-causing protozoan.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00090-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]],"date-time":"2018-04-24T09:19:44Z","timestamp":1524561584000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Beaver Fever: Whole-Genome Characterization of Waterborne Outbreak and Sporadic Isolates To Study the Zoonotic Transmission of Giardiasis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Clement K.-M.","family":"Tsui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Uyaguari-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Public Health Laboratories, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cedric","family":"Chauve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Public Health Laboratories, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Isaac-Renton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Public Health Laboratories, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Prystajecky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Public Health Laboratories, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00033-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(89)90006-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1348(02)00149-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evt197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394303-3.00003-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Giardiasis surveillance--United States, 2009-2010","volume":"61","author":"Yoder JS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yoder JS, Gargano JW, Wallace RM, Beach MJ, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2012. 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