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BoNTs have been classified into seven serotypes, serotypes A to G, based upon their selective neutralization by homologous antiserum, which is relevant for clinical and diagnostic purposes. Even though supportive care dramatically reduces the death rate of botulism, the only pharmaceutical intervention to reduce symptom severity and recovery time is early administration of antitoxin (antiserum raised against BoNTs). A recent report of a novel BoNT serotype, serotype H, raised concern of a \u201ctreatment-resistant\u201d and highly potent toxin. However, the toxin\u2019s chimeric structure and characteristics indicate a chimeric BoNT\/FA. Here we describe the first characterization of this novel toxin in purified form. BoNT\/FA was neutralized by available antitoxins, supporting classification as BoNT\/FA. BoNT\/FA required proteolytic activation to achieve full toxicity and had relatively low potency in mice compared to BoNT\/A1 but surprisingly high activity in cultured neurons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00100-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]],"date-time":"2016-02-25T04:36:50Z","timestamp":1456375010000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Purification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin FA from a Genetically Modified Clostridium botulinum Strain"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Sabine","family":"Pellett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin\u2212Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William H.","family":"Tepp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin\u2212Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marite","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin\u2212Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne R.","family":"Kalb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet K.","family":"Dykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin\u2212Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin M.","family":"Nawrocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin\u2212Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina L.","family":"Pier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin\u2212Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Maslanka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin\u2212Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3295"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-9752(07)01511-4","volume-title":"Neuromuscular junction disorders","author":"Johnson EA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johnson EA Montecucco C . 2008. 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