{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:43:04Z","timestamp":1791333784373,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]],"date-time":"2018-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]],"date-time":"2018-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI109111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI109111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI22232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI22232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM108684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM108684"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM066567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM066567"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Clostridium difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Because\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C.\u00a0difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            is an obligate anaerobe, its aerotolerant spores are essential for transmitting disease, and their germination into toxin-producing cells is necessary for causing disease. Spore germination requires the removal of the cortex, a thick layer of modified peptidoglycan that maintains spore dormancy. Cortex degradation is mediated by the SleC hydrolase, which is thought to recognize cortex-specific modifications. Cortex degradation also requires the GerS lipoprotein for unknown reasons. In our study, we tested whether GerS is required to generate cortex-specific modifications by comparing the cortex composition of \u0394\n            <jats:italic>gerS<\/jats:italic>\n            spores to the cortex composition of spores lacking two putative cortex-modifying enzymes, CwlD and PdaA. These analyses revealed that GerS, CwlD, and PdaA are all required to generate cortex-specific modifications. Since loss of these modifications in \u0394\n            <jats:italic>gerS<\/jats:italic>\n            , \u0394\n            <jats:italic>cwlD<\/jats:italic>\n            , and \u0394\n            <jats:italic>pdaA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutants resulted in spore germination and heat resistance defects, the SleC cortex lytic enzyme depends on cortex-specific modifications to efficiently degrade this protective layer. Our results further indicate that GerS and CwlD are mutually required for removing peptide chains from spore peptidoglycan and revealed a novel interaction between these proteins. Thus, our findings provide new mechanistic insight into\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C.\u00a0difficile<\/jats:named-content>\n            spore germination.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00205-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]],"date-time":"2018-06-26T10:32:04Z","timestamp":1530009124000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["<i>Clostridium difficile<\/i>\n            Lipoprotein GerS Is Required for Cortex Modification and Thus Spore Germination"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Oscar R.","family":"Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"NIH Postbaccalaureate Research Education Program (PREP), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 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