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Moreover, the catalase-negative\n                    <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    demonstrates increased oxidative stress tolerance when co-cultivated in biofilms with\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans,<\/jats:italic>\n                    a catalase-producing yeast. Here, we sought to obtain mechanistic insights into the increased H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    tolerance of\n                    <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    when co-cultivated with clinical isolates of\n                    <jats:italic>Candida glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Candida tropicalis,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Additionally, the\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    SC5314 laboratory strain, its catalase mutant (SC5314\n                    <jats:italic>\u0394cat1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and\n                    <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    UA159 and its glucosyltransferase B\/C mutant (UA159\n                    <jats:italic>\u0394gtfB\/C<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were grown as single- and dual-species biofilms. Time-kill assays revealed that upon acute H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    challenge, the survival rates of\n                    <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    in dual-species biofilms with the clinical isolates and\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    SC5314 were greater than when paired with SC5314\n                    <jats:italic>\u0394cat1<\/jats:italic>\n                    or as a single-species biofilm. Importantly, this protection was independent of glucan production through\n                    <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    GtfB\/C. Transwell assays and treatment with H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -pre-stimulated\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    SC5314 supernatant revealed that this protection is contact-dependent. Biofilm stability assays with sublethal H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    or peroxigenic\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    A12 challenge resulted in biomass reduction of single-species\n                    <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    UA159 and dual-species with SC5314\n                    <jats:italic>\u0394cat1<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms compared to UA159 biofilms co-cultured with\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    SC5314.\n                    <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    oxidative stress genes were upregulated in single-species biofilms when exposed to H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2,<\/jats:sub>\n                    but not when\n                    <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    was co-cultivated with\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    SC5314. Here, we uncovered a novel, contact-dependent, synergistic interaction in which the catalase of\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    protects\n                    <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    against H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      It is well established that co-infection with the gram-positive caries-associated bacterium\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the yeast pathobiont\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      results in aggressive forms of caries in humans and animal models. Together, these microorganisms form robust biofilms through enhanced production of extracellular polysaccharide matrix. Further, co-habitation in a biofilm community appears to enhance these microbes\u2019 tolerance to environmental stressors. Here, we show that catalase produced by\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      protects\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      from H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      stress in a biofilm matrix-independent manner. Our findings uncovered a novel synergistic trait between these two microorganisms that could be further exploited for dental caries prevention and control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00295-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T09:00:51Z","timestamp":1692608451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Catalase produced by\n                    <i>Candida albicans<\/i>\n                    protects\n                    <i>Streptococcus mutans<\/i>\n                    from H\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    O\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    stress\u2014one more piece in the cross-kingdom synergism puzzle"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2590-2946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Callahan","family":"Katrak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry , Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2217-0986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna A.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry , Gainesville, Florida, USA"},{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry , Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise M.","family":"Dornelas-Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry , Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry , Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School , Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School , Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6615-7348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Abranches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry , Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60031-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10714"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0042-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164242"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-016-0239-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90198-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-00823-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000351673"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000324809"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00087-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517714414"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2019.1581520"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00529-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1995.66.9.786"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"48","article-title":"Custom tray application of peroxide gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of periodontitis: a randomized, controlled three-month clinical trial","volume":"23","author":"Putt MS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Putt MS , Proskin HM . 2012. 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