{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:56:20Z","timestamp":1791204980965,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2307100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2307100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010906","name":"NSAF Joint Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22A20338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010906","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82402677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82402677"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"2022 Hangzhou Biomedical and Health Industry Development Support Science and Technology Special Project","award":["2022WJC055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022WJC055"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n The rapid rise of multidrug-resistant\n Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n spp. poses a major global health threat. In\n Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n spp., carbapenem resistance is frequently mediated by OXA-type carbapenemases encoded by\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA<\/jats:sub>\n genes, including\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-24<\/jats:sub>\n -like genes such as\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-72<\/jats:sub>\n . Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanoscale proteoliposomes secreted by Gram-negative bacteria that can facilitate plasmid transfer, yet the mechanisms limiting their dissemination remain unclear. Nationwide screening in China of 2,880\n Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n clinical isolates identified 10 strains carrying\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-24<\/jats:sub>\n and\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-72<\/jats:sub>\n plasmids across three species (\n A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n A. pittii<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n A. baylyi<\/jats:italic>\n ). Sequencing revealed nine distinct plasmids, most bearing a Rep_3\/OrfX C-module backbone with\n blaOXA<\/jats:italic>\n -p\n dif<\/jats:italic>\n resistance modules (9\/10). Among clinical strains, A2485 was identified as a high-OMV producer (2.74 \u00b1 0.20-fold relative to ATCC 17978,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). OMVs from A2485 transferred the\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-72<\/jats:sub>\n plasmid to ATCC 17978 at 1.9 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2077 transformants per CFU, exceeding direct supernatant transfer at 3.2 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2078 transformants per CFU, and conferred resistance to meropenem, ceftazidime, and cefoperazone\/sulbactam. Transfer was strictly donor-specific, with no transmission observed across 13 non-\n A<\/jats:italic>\n .\n baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n strains, and recipient strains failed to retransmit the plasmid, indicating a strong cross-species barrier and a non-reciprocal, donor-dependent process. Although all strains produced intact OMVs and encapsulated plasmid DNA, packaging efficiency varied considerably by host (~4.5\u201328.6 ng\/\u03bcg). Strains with DNA loading (17978E\/17978V: 28.62 and 23.98 ng\/\u03bcg) equal to or exceeding that of donor A2485 (13.62 ng\/\u03bcg) remained incapable of transfer. These findings demonstrate that dissemination is constrained by host-specific, post-packaging barriers rather than packaging efficiency, limiting resistance spread to specific lineages while enabling localized adaptation.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n \n Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n is a leading hospital-associated pathogen, and carbapenem resistance mediated by\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-24<\/jats:sub>\n -like genes poses a serious clinical challenge. Through nationwide screening of 2,880 clinical\n Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n isolates in China, we found that strains carrying\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-24<\/jats:sub>\n and\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-72<\/jats:sub>\n plasmids are relatively rare, occurring in only 10 isolates across three species. We provide the first evidence that outer membrane vesicle (OMV)-mediated plasmid transfer is subject to strict, host-specific barriers: the\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-72<\/jats:sub>\n plasmid was successfully transferred among\n A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n strains via OMVs, yet no transfer was observed to any of the 13 non-\n A<\/jats:italic>\n .\n baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n species tested. Transfer was also non-reciprocal\u2014recipient strains that acquired the plasmid were unable to further disseminate it, whether via OMVs or supernatants. Critically, this restriction was not explained by DNA packaging efficiency, as strains with equal or greater plasmid loading than the donor remained incapable of transmission, pointing instead to post-packaging, donor-specific factors, such as membrane composition or vesicle biogenesis machinery. These findings clarify the sporadic distribution of\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-24<\/jats:sub>\n -like plasmids in China and challenge the conventional assumption that mobile genetic elements inherently carry broad dissemination potential, revealing that OMV-mediated resistance spread is constrained to specific bacterial lineages.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00311-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T13:00:20Z","timestamp":1787230820000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Strain-specific outer membrane vesicle-mediated transfer of a\n bla<\/i>\n OXA-24<\/sub>\n -like plasmid in\n Acinetobacter baumannii<\/i>\n restricts cross-species dissemination"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9973-3404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengnan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03k14e164","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, People\u2019s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College","place":["Hangzhou, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00a2xv884","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biyong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00a2xv884","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03k14e164","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, People\u2019s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021n4pk58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Women\u2019s Hospital (Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital)","place":["Hangzhou, 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