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One factor that contributes to the success of the microbe is the deficiency in immunomodulatory nutrients, such as vitamin A (retinol), which are prevalent in areas where TB is endemic. Clinical trials show that restoration of systemic retinol levels in active TB patients is ineffective in mitigating the disease; however, laboratory studies demonstrate that activation of the vitamin A pathway in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    -infected macrophages triggers an antimicrobial response. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the link between host retinol levels and retinoic acid-mediated antimicrobial responses against\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    . By combining established\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    models with\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies of lung tissue from TB patients, this study demonstrates that the innate immune system utilizes transcellular metabolism leading to activation between dendritic cells and macrophages as a means to combat the pathogen.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00327-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T12:05:30Z","timestamp":1559649930000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Vitamin A Metabolism by Dendritic Cells Triggers an Antimicrobial Response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Elliot W.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"},{"name":"UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avelino","family":"De Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhichun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana A.","family":"Radu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stein Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian R.","family":"Martineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward D.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiyuan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Lin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis J.","family":"Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Modlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip T.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"},{"name":"UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix476"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.10.0477"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"1130","article-title":"Vitamin A levels in sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in comparison with household contacts and healthy \u201cnormals\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Ramachandran G","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ramachandran G, Santha T, Garg R, Baskaran D, Iliayas SA, Venkatesan P, Fathima R, Narayanan PR. 2004. 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