{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:22:44Z","timestamp":1787750564792,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI155414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI155414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI155414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI155414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPPGD759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPPGD759"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n We studied the effects of a combined water, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional supplementation (WSH + N) intervention on\n Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n \/EIEC IgG immune development among Bangladeshi children enrolled in a cluster-randomized trial. We used a bacterial display assay to measure IgG-specific binding to\n Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n \/EIEC Ipa proteins (IpaA, IpaB, IpaC, IpaD, and IpaH) from a substudy of 120 children (60 intervention, 60 control) at median ages 3, 14, and 28 months. We found that the WSH + N intervention did not impact IgG seroprevalence (56% vs 53%,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.6) or IgG epitope repertoire development (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.15\u20130.97), but there were distinct age-based patterns of IgG linear epitopes and motifs charting the development of the immune repertoire. Samples from before age 6 months, reflecting predominantly maternal IgG, had higher epitope breadth and magnitude compared with samples from older ages. A modeling analysis of maternal-child IgG dynamics suggests that peak susceptibility occurs between 6 and 9 months of age. With this methodology, we found that intensive, household-based WASH interventions were insufficient to impact early childhood immune development to\n Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n \/EIEC. Our results motivate complementary interventions, such as vaccines, to prevent\n Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n \/EIEC infection in the first 2 years of life.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n \n Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n \/EIEC is a leading cause of global diarrheal deaths, especially in low-resource settings. Current interventions against childhood\n Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n \/EIEC infection focus on reducing exposure, such as through improved water, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional supplementation (WSH + N). It is unclear how these interventions impact childhood immune development against pathogens. In the present study, we characterize the null impact of a WSH + N intervention on IgG immune responses to\n Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n \/EIEC in a birth cohort and demonstrate the development of immune responses over the first 2 years of life. We found that maternal IgG wanes between 6 and 9 months, and that peak susceptibility to infection is during this time. From our findings, we provide a modeling framework that can be used to inform vaccination schedules in early childhood after 6 months.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CLINICAL TRIALS<\/jats:title>\n \n This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov as\n NCT01590095<\/jats:related-object>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00339-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T13:11:15Z","timestamp":1784121075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of improved water, sanitation, handwashing, and nutrition on early childhood IgG immune repertoire development against\n Shigella<\/i>\n and enteroinvasive\n Escherichia coli<\/i>\n (EIEC)"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6137-9275","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nikolina","family":"Walas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01an7q238","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Public Health, University of California","place":["Berkeley, USA"]},{"name":"Francis I. 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