{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:07:14Z","timestamp":1792649234882,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]],"date-time":"2016-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]],"date-time":"2016-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482883200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Shigellosis is an acute diarrheal disease causing nearly half a million infections, 6,000 hospitalizations, and 70 deaths annually in the United States.\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. sonnei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    caused two unusually large outbreaks in 2014 and 2015 in California. We used whole-genome sequencing to understand the pathogenic potential of bacteria involved in these outbreaks. Our results suggest the persistence of a local\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. sonnei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    SDi\/SJo clone in California since at least 2008. Recently, a derivative of the original clone acquired the ability to produce Shiga toxin (STX) via exchanges of bacteriophages with other bacteria. STX production is connected with more severe disease, including bloody diarrhea. A second population of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. sonnei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    that caused an outbreak in the San Francisco area was resistant to fluoroquinolones and showed evidence of connection to a fluoroquinolone-resistant lineage from South Asia. These emerging trends in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. sonnei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    populations in California must be monitored for future risks of the spread of increasingly virulent and resistant clones.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00344-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]],"date-time":"2016-12-21T21:00:50Z","timestamp":1482354050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Recent Outbreaks of Shigellosis in California Caused by Two Distinct Populations of Shigella sonnei with either Increased Virulence or Fluoroquinolone Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Varvara K.","family":"Kozyreva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Diseases Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Jospin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Center, Department of Evolution and Ecology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander L.","family":"Greninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Diseases Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Watt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Communicable Disease Control, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan A.","family":"Eisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genome Center, Department of Evolution and Ecology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishnu","family":"Chaturvedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Diseases Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990502"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"133","article-title":"Shigellosis","volume":"43","author":"Niyogi SK","year":"2005","unstructured":"Niyogi SK . 2005. 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