{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T12:20:31Z","timestamp":1781871631149,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              The ability of ticks to interact and adapt to different ecologies and hosts determines their vectorial competence for various pathogens; however, ticks-livestock-pathogens interaction studies are limited. With our ticks-hosts-pathogens interface studies, we found 14 species of hard ticks feeding on various livestock. Ticks showed a strong preference for one-humped camels (\n              <jats:italic>Camelus dromedarius<\/jats:italic>\n              ). The camel nostril was the most preferred predilection site. The most prevalent tick species on camels was\n              <jats:italic>Hyalomma rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n              . We found two novel\n              <jats:italic>Amblyomma gemma<\/jats:italic>\n              variants which are distinct both morphologically and genetically from previously described\n              <jats:italic>Amblyomma gemma<\/jats:italic>\n              . The signature odors from camel breath and body were attractive to adult\n              <jats:italic>H. rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n              , demonstrating ticks utilize camel-derived metabolites to find their host. Our research shows that\n              <jats:italic>H. rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n              and camel hosts have unique and shared pathogens showing\n              <jats:italic>H. rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n              \u2019 vector and dromedary camel\u2019s reservoir host qualities. Our study unravels the dynamic interactions between hard ticks, pathogens, and host camels that all influence the likelihood of pathogen adaptation and transmission dynamics.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Ticks are obligatory hematophagous arachnids, serving as vectors for a wide array of pathogens that can be transmitted to animals and humans. The ability of ticks to acquire and transmit various pathogens depends on their attraction to quality reservoir hosts and the survival of the pathogens in ticks\u2019 gut and other tissues. However, the complex dynamics of tick-pathogen interaction and host-seeking behavior remain understudied. This investigation revealed notable variation in tick preference for domestic animals, with camel being the most preferred host. Moreover, our spatial analysis of tick attachment sites showed nostrils are the most preferred sites by various tick species. Our epidemiology data showed variation in the pathogens harbored by camel (host) and vector (\n              <jats:italic>Hyalomma rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n              ), demonstrating the camel\u2019s efficiency as reservoir host and ticks\u2019 vector competence for various pathogens. With our behavioral experiment using\n              <jats:italic>H. rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n              and its preferred host\u2019s (camel) breath and body signature odors, we identified novel attractants for\n              <jats:italic>H. rufipes<\/jats:italic>\n              , thus offering new avenues for combating tick-borne diseases. Overall, our study presents novel insights into how multiple factors shape tick-host-pathogen interaction.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00405-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T13:01:51Z","timestamp":1730206911000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exploring the dynamic adult hard ticks-camel-pathogens interaction"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2621-9719","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"JohnMark O.","family":"Makwatta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi (UoN), Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul N.","family":"Ndegwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi (UoN), Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence A.","family":"Oyieke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi (UoN), Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ahuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Masiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5902-9236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merid N.","family":"Getahun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006248"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25486-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182004005967"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00114"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/15.4.307"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001066"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2024.101162"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture3020221"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-011-9936-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw157"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0233733100"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145022"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284526"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9993.2003.01270.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78495-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071414"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1056-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-052720-094533"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02239929"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6168-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/18-51"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04737-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.9789"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10081005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11050320"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12111016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.2960"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","volume-title":"Ticks of domestic animals in municipal abattoir for their technical support. Africa: a guide to identification of tick species","author":"Walker AR","year":"2003","unstructured":"Walker AR, et al.. 2003. Ticks of domestic animals in municipal abattoir for their technical support. Africa: a guide to identification of tick species"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oundo JW Villinger J Jeneby M Ong\u2019amo G Otiende MY Makhulu EE Musa AA Ouso DO Wambua L. 2020. Pathogens endosymbionts and blood-meal sources of host-seeking ticks in the fast-changing Maasai Mara wildlife ecosystem. bioRxiv. doi:10.1101\/2020.01.15.907568","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.15.907568"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13911"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.5.789"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102087"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(93)90167-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","first-page":"78","article-title":"The location of the infecting tick bite and the severity of the course of tick-borne encephalitis","author":"Okulova NM","year":"1989","unstructured":"Okulova NM, Chunikhin SP, Vavilova VE, Ma\u012dorova AD. 1989. The location of the infecting tick bite and the severity of the course of tick-borne encephalitis. Med Parazitol (Mosk):78\u201385.","journal-title":"Med Parazitol (Mosk)"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/aasopenres.13021.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/openresafrica.13404.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009671"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690-022-00896-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2019.1575715"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.558481"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590050366"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-002-0317-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00192004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Omondi VV Bosire GO Onyari JM Kibet C Mwasya S Onyonyi VN Getahun MN. 2023. Multi-omics analyses reveal rumen microbes and secondary metabolites that are unique to livestock species. bioRxiv. doi:10.1101\/2023.08.21.554168","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.08.21.554168"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04043-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050580"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cli9040062"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2008.140596"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63760-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/00291bm09"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1474-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.21.10034"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199601253340401"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_2","first-page":"294","article-title":"DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates","volume":"3","author":"Folmer OR","year":"1994","unstructured":"Folmer OR, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R. 1994. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol 3:294\u2013299.","journal-title":"Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(00)90243-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-50-4-1449"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.17.5540-5548.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1782-1789.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-004-1267-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150390235520"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084518"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115774"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-011-9490-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oksanen J et al.. 2024. Community ecology package. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.vegan","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.vegan"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcn181"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_77_2","volume-title":"Terrestrial animal health code: general provisions","author":"(OIE), WO A H","year":"2012","unstructured":"(OIE), WO A H. 2012. Terrestrial animal health code: general provisions. Vol. 1."}],"container-title":["mSphere"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/msphere.00405-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/msphere.00405-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T14:01:25Z","timestamp":1732197685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/msphere.00405-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yaw Shin","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/msphere.00405-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msphere.00405-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-5042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-5042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00405-24"}}