{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:13:01Z","timestamp":1780492381688,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent molecular-based studies have suggested that a diverse middle ear microbiome in adults and children can exist in the absence of disease. These studies have been largely unsupported by culture and feature species that commonly contaminate low-biomass sequencing data. While 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing has proven to be a highly informative technique in many clinical contexts, it is susceptible to spurious signal arising from sequencing reagent contaminants where sample biomass is low. Combining culture-based and molecular techniques, we undertook a detailed investigation of the evidence for bacterial colonization of the healthy middle ear. In finding no evidence of viable bacterial cells in middle ear samples, our study further underlines the importance of careful consideration of amplicon sequence data derived from very-low-biomass contexts and the value of analytical approaches that combine culture and molecular techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00456-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T12:42:06Z","timestamp":1567514526000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Examining the Evidence for an Adult Healthy Middle Ear Microbiome"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Jake","family":"Jervis-Bardy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head &amp; Neck Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head &amp; Neck Surgery, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lex E. 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