{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T17:20:25Z","timestamp":1761844825626,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]],"date-time":"2017-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514332800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL106788","R01HL106800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL106788","R01HL106800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>\n            is an intracellular pathogen that parasitizes the host macrophage. While approximately two billion people are infected worldwide, only 5 to 10% become diseased with pulmonary tuberculosis, at least in the absence of comorbidities. Tuberculosis control requires development of noninvasive methods probing the host immune status to help distinguish latent infection from active tuberculosis. With such methods, high-risk individuals could be targeted for treatment before disease manifestation. Previous investigations have been based on examination of peripheral blood cells or, more rarely, lung macrophages obtained with invasive procedures, such as bronchoalveolar lavages. Here we show that differences exist in the expression of a surface protein (Toll-like receptor 2) between macrophages recovered from the sputum of individuals in different diagnostic groups: i.e., infection free, latent tuberculosis infection, and active pulmonary tuberculosis. Thus, phenotypic analysis of local macrophages obtained with noninvasive procedures can help distinguish among tuberculosis infection stages.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00475-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]],"date-time":"2017-11-02T00:25:33Z","timestamp":1509582333000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tuberculosis State Is Associated with Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 2 in Sputum Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Karim","family":"Lakehal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen F.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Vir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Bruiners","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Lardizabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Tuberculosis Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Laura","family":"Gennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Pine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-3-200808050-00241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70210-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.93"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2448"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0708-695"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.8.5367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.6.4159"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803567"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2010.529976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01512-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1781"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400736"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000371849"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-14-111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2012.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/monaldi.2009.357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200703-044BR"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000187725"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1960.81.3.358"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"538","article-title":"Cytologic findings indicating pulmonary tuberculosis. 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