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The gut microbiome may also interact with these compounds to mediate their impact on the host. However, little is known about how dietary variation may reshape how the microbiome responds to xenobiotic exposures or how these modified responses may in turn impact host physiology. Here, we investigated the combinatorial effects of marginal zinc deficiency and physiologically relevant concentrations of arsenic on the microbiome. Both zinc deficiency and arsenic exposure were individually associated with altered microbial diversity and when combined elicited synergistic effects. Microbial abundance also covaried with host physiological changes, indicating that the microbiome may contribute to or be influenced by these pathologies. Collectively, this work demonstrates that dietary zinc intake influences the sensitivity of the microbiome to subsequent arsenic exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00521-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T11:19:38Z","timestamp":1543922378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Marginal Zinc Deficiency and Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Arsenic Elicit Combined Effects on the Gut Microbiome"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7741-7822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Gaulke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Rolshoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen P.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie G.","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"},{"name":"Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"},{"name":"Moore Family Center for Whole Grain Foods, Nutrition and Preventive Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Sharpton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"},{"name":"Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npjbiofilms.2016.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2016.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx400454z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx4002868"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13398"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3145"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-9-r79"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00036-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3283312956"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198719"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1175-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7125497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal4069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4174"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012004697"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(02)00018-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050565"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205875"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP418"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","volume-title":"Guidelines for drinking-water quality","author":"WHO","year":"2008","unstructured":"WHO. 2008. 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