{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:22:48Z","timestamp":1780579368553,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province","award":["2022E10022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022E10022"]}]},{"name":"Major Projects of Wenzhou Science and Technology Bureau","award":["ZY2020006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZY2020006"]}]},{"name":"Health Department of Zhejiang Province of the People's Republic of China","award":["2022KY895"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KY895"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              The bacteriophage is an effective adjunct to existing antibiotic therapy; however, in the course of bacteriophage therapy, host bacteria will develop resistance to bacteriophages, thus affecting the efficacy. Therefore, it is important to describe how bacteria evade bacteriophage attack and the consequences of the biological changes that accompany the development of bacteriophage resistance before the bacteriophage is applied. The specific bacteriophage vB3530 of\n              <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              (\n              <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              ) has stable biological characteristics, short incubation period, strong\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              cleavage ability, and absence of virulence or resistance genes. Ten bacteriophage-resistant strains (TL3780-R) were induced using the secondary infection approach, and the plaque assay showed that vB3530 was less sensitive to TL3780-R. Identification of bacteriophage adsorption receptors showed that the bacterial surface polysaccharide was probably the adsorption receptor of vB3530. In contrast to the TL3780 parental strain, TL3780-R is characterized by the absence of long lipopolysaccharide chains, which may be caused by base insertion of\n              <jats:italic>wzy<\/jats:italic>\n              or deletion of\n              <jats:italic>galU<\/jats:italic>\n              . It is also intriguing to observe that, in comparison to the parent strain, the bacteriophage-resistant strains TL3780-R mostly exhibited a large cost of fitness (growth rate, biofilm formation, motility, and ability to produce enhanced pyocyanin). In addition, TL3780-R9 showed increased susceptibility to aminoglycosides and chlorhexidine, which may be connected to the loss and down-regulation of\n              <jats:italic>mexX<\/jats:italic>\n              expression. Consequently, these findings fully depicted the resistance mechanism of\n              <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              to vB3530 and the fitness cost of bacteriophage resistance, laying a foundation for further application of bacteriophage therapy.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                The bacteriophage is an effective adjunct to existing antibiotic therapy; However, bacteria also develop defensive mechanisms against bacteriophage attack. Thus, there is an urgent need to deeply understand the resistance mechanism of bacteria to bacteriophages and the fitness cost of bacteriophage resistance so as to lay the foundation for subsequent application of the phage. In this study, a specific bacteriophage vB3530 of\n                <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                had stable biological characteristics, short incubation period, strong\n                <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                cleavage ability, and absence of virulence or resistance genes. In addition, we found that\n                <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                may lead to phage resistance due to the deletion of\n                <jats:italic>galU<\/jats:italic>\n                and the base insertion of\n                <jats:italic>wzy<\/jats:italic>\n                , involved in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides. Simultaneously, we showed the association with the biological state of the bacteria after bacteria acquire bacteriophage resistance, which is extremely relevant to guide the future application of therapeutic bacteriophages.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00553-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T14:00:18Z","timestamp":1706796018000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Resistance, mechanism, and fitness cost of specific bacteriophages for\n            <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Luozhu","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanchang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changrui","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Lab Science, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yining","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9968-6721","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jianming","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Lab Science, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2171-4710","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tieli","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of 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