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Rhesus macaques (\n              <jats:italic>Macaca mulatta<\/jats:italic>\n              ) (RM) are similarly susceptible to acute campylobacteriosis and represent a potential model of PI-IBS. We characterized the\n              <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n              species circulating in an RM breeding colony using culture, qPCR, and whole genome sequencing (WGS). We also compared the\n              <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>C. coli<\/jats:italic>\n              prevalence in RM as detected with qPCR versus culture and identified risk factors for bacteria presence and intestinal disease. Culture of 275 samples yielded\n              <jats:italic>C. coli<\/jats:italic>\n              (103) and\n              <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n              (8), of which 21.6% were resistant to quinolones and 3.6% were resistant to macrolides. Multidrug-resistant isolates were obtained exclusively from animals exhibiting diarrhea or with histologically confirmed chronic enterocolitis. WGS revealed a non-clonal population of\n              <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n              spp. Genotypic predictions of resistance were excellent except for aminoglycosides. All sequenced isolates contained genes for all subunits of cytolethal distending toxin. qPCR detected a prevalence of 45.9% for\n              <jats:italic>C. coli<\/jats:italic>\n              and 29.6% for\n              <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n              . The quantity of either bacteria was significantly higher (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt; 0.05) in animals with intestinal disease compared to healthy animals, though only young age was significantly associated with the presence of\n              <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n              sp. or intestinal disease. Significantly more\n              <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n              positive animals were detected with qPCR than with culture. These results provide a comprehensive characterization of\n              <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n              spp. circulating in a breeding colony of RM in the United States and suggest that qPCR is superior for the detection of\n              <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>\n              in RM.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Gastrointestinal disease is one of the most common reasons for hospitalization in non-human primate colonies and accounts for over one-third of non-research related euthanasia. In rhesus macaques, this manifests as both acute diarrhea and chronic enterocolitis (CE), a syndrome of chronic diarrhea resulting in poor weight gain or weight loss which is minimally responsive to treatment.\n              <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n              spp. are major causes of acute enterocolitis in rhesus macaques and may predispose individuals to the development of CE, similar to post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in humans. Despite these concerns, there are few studies characterizing\n              <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n              in rhesus macaque colonies, in particular utilizing whole genome sequencing and assessing findings with respect to the health status of the host. Our findings provide insight into\n              <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n              strains circulating in rhesus macaque colonies, which can improve clinical monitoring, assist in treatment decisions, and provide new avenues of investigation into campylobacteriosis as a catalyst for CE.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00560-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T13:00:38Z","timestamp":1729688438000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Diversity of\n            <i>Campylobacter<\/i>\n            spp. circulating in a rhesus macaque (\n            <i>Macaca mulatta<\/i>\n            ) breeding colony using culture and molecular methods"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4941-682X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Bacon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine &amp; Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4113-7081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn L.","family":"Hodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine &amp; Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine &amp; Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannara","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine &amp; Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3064-5833","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Colette","family":"Nickodem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Vinasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine &amp; Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Threadgill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanton B.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michale E. 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