{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T12:39:51Z","timestamp":1782823191264,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AI1030555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI1030555"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AI106878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI106878"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"HHS | NIH | Fogarty International Center","award":["D43 TW005572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW005572"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K43 TW010362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K43 TW010362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              Vaccination is important to prevent cholera. There are limited data comparing anti-O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) and anti-cholera toxin-specific immune responses following oral whole-cell with cholera toxin B-subunit (WC-rBS) vaccine (Dukoral, Valneva) administration in different age groups. An understanding of the differences is relevant because young children are less well protected by oral cholera vaccines than older children and adults. We compared responses in 50 adults and 49 children (ages 2 to &lt;18) who were administered two doses of WC-rBS at a standard 14-day interval. All age groups had significant IgA and IgG plasma-blast responses to the OSP and cholera toxin B-subunit (CtxB) antigens that peaked 7 days after vaccination. However, in adults and older children (ages 5 to &lt;18), antibody responses directed at the OSP antigen were largely IgA and IgG, with a minimal IgM response, while younger children (ages 2 to &lt;5) mounted significant increases in IgM with minimal increases in IgA and IgG antibody responses 30 days after vaccination. In adults, anti-OSP and CtxB memory B-cell responses were detected after completion of the vaccination series, while children only mounted CtxB-specific IgG memory B-cell responses and no OSP-memory B-cell responses. In summary, children and adults living in a cholera endemic area mounted different responses to the WC-rBS vaccine, which may be a result of more prior exposure to\n              <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n              in older participants. The absence of class-switched antibody responses and memory B-cell responses to OSP may explain why protection wanes more rapidly after vaccination in young children compared to older vaccinees.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                Vaccination is an important strategy to prevent cholera. Though immune responses targeting the OSP of\n                <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                are believed to mediate protection against cholera, there are limited data on anti-OSP responses after vaccination in different age groups, which is important as young children are not well protected by current oral cholera vaccines. In this study, we found that adults mounted memory B-cell responses to OSP, which were not seen in children. Adults and older children mounted class-switched (IgG and IgA) serum antibody responses to OSP, which were not seen in young children who had only IgM responses to OSP. The lack of class-switched antibody responses and memory B-cell responses to OSP in younger participants may be due to lack of prior exposure to\n                <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                and could explain why protection wanes more rapidly after vaccination in young children.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00565-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T14:00:19Z","timestamp":1708696819000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cholera toxin and O-specific polysaccharide immune responses after oral cholera vaccination with Dukoral in different age groups of Bangladeshi participants"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8928-9888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pinki","family":"Dash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Al","family":"Hakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aklima","family":"Akter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7475-6706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan Al","family":"Banna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6531-1817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Hasanul","family":"Kaisar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amena","family":"Aktar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultana Rownok","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannatul","family":"Ferdous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salima Raiyan","family":"Basher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Kamruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7082-0720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahima","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, 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C.","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Calderwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0169-394X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward T.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of 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