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Although many genera of bacteria colonize the URT, few account for the majority of sequencing reads. These include\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and several species belonging to the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including\n                    <jats:italic>Corynebacterium propinquum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which are observed at high relative abundance in the healthy URT. Studies have examined bacterial interactions between major microbionts of the URT and\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but few have done so in the context of a healthy versus diseased URT environment. Here, we examine the role of temperature in commensal, pathogen, and epithelial dynamics using an air-liquid interface cell culture model mimicking the nasal epithelial environment. Healthy URT temperatures change from the nares to the nasopharynx and are increased during disease. Temperatures representative of the healthy URT increase persistence and aggregate formation of commensal\n                    <jats:italic>C. propinquum and C. pseudodiphtheriticum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , reduce\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth, and lower epithelial cytotoxicity compared to higher temperatures correlating with the diseased CRS sinus. Dual-species colonization revealed species-specific interactions between\n                    <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species and\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    dependent on temperature. Our findings suggest URT mucosal temperature plays a significant role in mediating polymicrobial and host-bacterial interactions that may exacerbate microbial dysbiosis in chronic URT diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chronic rhinosinusitis is a complex inflammatory disease with a significant healthcare burden. Although presence of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and microbial dysbiosis are considered mediators of inflammation in CRS, no studies have examined the influence of temperature on\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      interactions with the nasal epithelium and the dominant genus of the healthy URT,\n                      <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Interactions between\n                      <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species and\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      have been documented in several studies, but none to date have examined how environmental changes in the URT may alter their interactions with the epithelium or each other. This study utilizes a polarized epithelial cell culture model at air-liquid interface to study the colonization and spatial dynamics of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and clinical isolates of\n                      <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      from people with CRS to characterize the role temperature has in single- and dual-species dynamics on the nasal epithelium.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00589-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T09:01:27Z","timestamp":1704445287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Temperature influences commensal-pathogen dynamics in a nasal epithelial cell co-culture 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