{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T21:09:14Z","timestamp":1774645754070,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U19 AI074321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI074321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["I01 BX000536, I01 BX001983"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX000536, I01 BX001983"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2020-9898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-9898"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002742","name":"Banaras Hindu University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Institute of Eminence"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Institute of Eminence"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002742","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease caused by the obligate intracellular protozoan\n              <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n              in India. VL can be complicated by post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), a macular or nodular rash that develops in 10%\u201320% of patients after treatment of VL in India. Patients with PKDL are infectious to sand flies, promoting further transmission of the parasite. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 18\u201325 nt, non-coding RNAs that simultaneously regulate the expression of several or many target transcripts. This study was based on the hypothesis that the host response to\n              <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>\n              is modified by distinct sets of miRNAs in VL or PKDL and that these might differ from healthy controls. We investigated this hypothesis using a NanoString panel to profile the miRNAs expressed in the plasma of patients with VL or PKDL diagnosed at a hospital in Bihar, India. We compared these to plasma microRNAs of healthy control individuals from the same endemic villages. miRNAs\n              <jats:italic>hsa-miR-223-3p, hsa-miR-191-5p, hsa-miR-23a-3p,<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>hsa-1285-5p<\/jats:italic>\n              were significantly higher in the plasma samples from patients with VL compared to either PKDL or endemic controls. Prediction programs highlighted potential mRNA targeted by these miRNAs, among which we verified the down-modulation of several transcripts belonging to the NF\u03baB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways in circulating leukocytes of VL patients. By contrast, miRNA patterns in subjects with PKDL were similar to control subjects, possibly suggesting that the pathogenic immune response during PKDL is primarily localized in the skin.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                Infection of humans with the protozoan\n                <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                can be asymptomatic or it can cause fatal visceral leishmaniasis (VL), sometimes followed by the cutaneous complication PKDL. Parasites are spread through sand fly bites in endemic regions, and parasites in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) skin lesions are a source of prolonged parasite transmission to sand flies, compromising disease eradication efforts. Since microRNAs can simultaneously modify the expression of multiple genes, we examined microRNAs in the blood that might be partial determinants of pathogenic responses leading to VL or PKDL. Our studies revealed several miRNAs expressed that are elevated in the plasma of patients with VL, which suppress some of the inflammatory responses that promote parasite killing. However, miRNA profiles were very similar between PKDL patients and controls, raising the possibility that major factors that lead to prolonged retention of parasites in the skin during PKDL are not systemic but are localized in the skin.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00646-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T14:00:16Z","timestamp":1738072816000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The circulating plasma microRNA signature in human visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ritirupa","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa","place":["Iowa City, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University","place":["Varanasi, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cinthia L.","family":"Hudachek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa","place":["Iowa City, USA"]},{"name":"Veterans\u2019 Affairs Medical Center","place":["Iowa City, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shashi","family":"Bhushan Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Banaras Hindu University","place":["Varanasi, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shashi","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University","place":["Varanasi, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Awnish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Banaras Hindu University","place":["Varanasi, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bayan","family":"Zhanbolat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans\u2019 Affairs Medical Center","place":["Iowa City, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa","place":["Iowa City, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madhukar","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University","place":["Varanasi, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Banaras Hindu University","place":["Varanasi, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University","place":["Varanasi, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8680-7275","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mary E.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa","place":["Iowa City, USA"]},{"name":"Veterans\u2019 Affairs Medical Center","place":["Iowa City, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa","place":["Iowa City, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2024. 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