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The present study was conducted to identify a non-hematogenous route used by\n              <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n              to gain access to brain tissue without causing bacteremia or pneumonia, as well as bacterial and host factors involved in this process. To investigate the molecular mechanisms and dissemination pathways of pneumococcal infection in brain tissue, mice were intranasally inoculated with\n              <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n              strain EF3030, a clinical isolate from a patient with otitis media. Pneumococci were isolated from the frontal olfactory bulb, caudal cerebrum, and cerebellum, with neither bacteremia nor pneumonia observed in the present model. Immunostaining imaging revealed the presence of\n              <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n              organisms in olfactory nerve fibers. Knockout of the\n              <jats:italic>ply<\/jats:italic>\n              gene encoding pneumolysin (PLY) markedly compromised the ability of the bacterial organisms to disseminate into brain tissue, whereas the dissemination efficiency of the complemented strain was restored to nearly the same level as the wild type. Notably, distinct upregulation of Gli1 and Snail1, which are involved in the transcriptional repression of junctional proteins, along with downregulation of E-cadherin, was detected in nasal lavage samples from mice infected with the wild-type or complemented strain, but not in those from mice infected with the\n              <jats:italic>ply<\/jats:italic>\n              mutant. Taken together, the present findings indicate that PLY induces Gli1-Snail1-dependent dysfunction of the nasal epithelial barrier, thus allowing pneumococcal dissemination to brain tissue that occurs in a non-hematogenous manner.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                Bacterial meningitis, considered to be caused by bacteremia, can lead to blood\u2013brain barrier disruption and bacterial dissemination into the central nervous system. Despite the availability of intravenously administered antibiotics with cerebrospinal fluid transferability, bacterial meningitis remains associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Here, we utilized\n                <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                strain EF3030, clinically isolated from otitis media, for the construction of a murine infection model to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which nasally colonized pneumococci disseminate into brain tissue. The obtained findings indicate that pneumolysin (PLY) induces Gli1-Snail1-dependent dysfunction of the nasal epithelial barrier, which facilitates pneumococcal dissemination to brain tissue in a non-hematogenous manner. Our results support the existence of an alternative route by which\n                <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                can reach the central nervous system and indicate the need for the development of novel therapeutic strategies, which would be an important contribution to the clinical management of bacterial meningitis.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00655-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T13:01:48Z","timestamp":1727701308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pneumolysin contributes to dysfunction of nasal epithelial barrier for promotion of pneumococcal dissemination into brain tissue"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yuki","family":"Takahara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Fixed Prosthodontics and Orofacial Function, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0653-0339","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tomoko","family":"Sumitomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7896-4892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masamitsu","family":"Kono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 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