{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T13:35:11Z","timestamp":1759412111646,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,15]],"date-time":"2020-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598400000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1734521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1734521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001146","name":"Greenwall Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001146","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human infection challenge studies involving the intentional infection of research participants with a disease-causing agent have recently been suggested as a means to speed up the search for a vaccine for the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Calls for challenge studies, however, rely on the expected social value of these studies. This value represents more than the simple possibility that a successful study will lead to the rapid development and dissemination of vaccines but also some expectation that this will actually occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00669-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T12:37:03Z","timestamp":1595248623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Human Infection Challenge Studies: a Test for the Social Value Criterion of Research Ethics"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3330-0224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas G.","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1076"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30438-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322664"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(92)90032-Z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268800048019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.24.5.713"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3843-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-02953-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","volume-title":"Ethical considerations for Zika virus human challenge trials","author":"Shah SK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shah SK, Kimmelman J, Lyerly A, Lynch HF, McCutchan F, Miller FG, Palacios R, Pardo-Villamizar C, Zorrilla C. 2017. Ethical considerations for Zika virus human challenge trials. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2015-103125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2005630"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Rauhala E Demirjian K Olorunnipa T. 7 July 2020. Trump administration sends letter withdrawing U.S. from World Health Organization over coronavirus response. Washington Post Washington DC. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/trump-united-states-withdrawal-world-health-organization-coronavirus\/2020\/07\/07\/ae0a25e4-b550-11ea-9a1d-d3db1cbe07ce_story.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0968533217723683"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"Ahmed AK. 4 June 2020. Oxford AstraZeneca Covid-19 deal reinforces \u2018vaccine sovereignty.\u2019 We need a people\u2019s vaccine instead. STAT https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2020\/06\/04\/oxford-astrazeneca-covid-19-deal-reinforces-vaccine-sovereignty\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Thomas JR. 2016. March-in rights under the Bayh-Dole Act 17. https:\/\/fas.org\/sgp\/crs\/misc\/R44597.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Hoare C. 2020. Coronavirus study identifies \u2018gain of function for efficient spread in humans.\u2019 https:\/\/www.express.co.uk\/news\/weird\/1253135\/coronavirus-genetically-engineered-bioweapon-wuhan-lab-leak-covid19-spt."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"Johnson T. 2020. \u201cGet ready for the vaccine infowar\u201d: Alex Jones poisons the well against a future novel coronavirus vaccine. https:\/\/www.mediamatters.org\/alex-jones\/get-ready-vaccine-infowar-alex-jones-poisons-well-against-future-novel-coronavirus."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"Owens C. 15 April 2020. Experimenting on and incidentally paralyzing and infertilizing poor colored children in Africa and India is as dangerous as it sounds. You and @WHO got around FDA vaccine regulations by traveling to third world countries and offering \u201cphilanthropy\u201d. You are both absolute scum [Tweet]. https:\/\/twitter.com\/realcandaceo\/status\/1250490791258177541?lang=en."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"Cohen E. 2020. Fauci says Covid-19 vaccine may not get US to herd immunity if too many people refuse to get it. https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2020\/06\/28\/health\/fauci-coronavirus-vaccine-contact-tracing-aspen\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornwall W. 30 June 2020. Just 50% of Americans plan to get a COVID-19 vaccine. Here\u2019s how to win over the rest. Science https:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/news\/2020\/06\/just-50-americans-plan-get-covid-19-vaccine-here-s-how-win-over-rest.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd6018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-3666204"}],"container-title":["mSphere"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/msphere.00669-20","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/msphere.00669-20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,11]],"date-time":"2024-08-11T18:44:14Z","timestamp":1723401854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/msphere.00669-20"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Imperiale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/msphere.00669-20"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msphere.00669-20","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-5042"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2379-5042"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"10.1128\/msphere.00669-20"}}