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P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      rapidly outcompetes\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      under\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      cocultivation conditions\n                      <jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>\n                      which is mediated by several of\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2019s virulence factors. Here, we report that polyphosphate (polyP), an efficient stress defense system and virulence factor in\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , plays a role in the pathogen\u2019s ability to inhibit and kill\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a contact-independent manner. We show that\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      cells characterized by low polyP levels are less detrimental to\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth and survival while the Gram-positive pathogen is significantly more compromised by the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      cells that produce high levels of polyP. The polyP-dependent phenotype of\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      -mediated killing of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      could at least in part be direct, as polyP was detected in the spent media and causes significant damage to the\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      cell envelope. However, more likely is that polyP\u2019s effects are indirect through modulating the production of one of\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa\u2019s<\/jats:italic>\n                      virulence factors, pyocyanin. We show that pyocyanin production in\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      occurs polyP-dependently and harms\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      through membrane damage and potentially the generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in the increased expression of antioxidant enzymes. In summary, our study adds a new component to the list of biomolecules that the Gram-negative pathogen\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      generates to compete with\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      for resources.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        How do interactions between microorganisms shape the course of polymicrobial infections? Previous studies have provided evidence that the two opportunistic pathogens\n                        <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                        and\n                        <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                        generate molecules that modulate their interaction with potentially significant impact on disease outcomes. Our study identified the biopolymer polyphosphate (polyP) as a new effector molecule that impacts\n                        <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                        \u2019s interaction with\n                        <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                        . We show that\n                        <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                        kills\n                        <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                        in a polyP-dependent manner, which occurs primarily through the polyP-dependent production of the\n                        <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                        virulence factor pyocyanin. Our findings add a new role for polyP to an already extensive list of functions. A more in-depth understanding of how polyP influences interspecies interactions is critical, as targeting polyP synthesis in bacteria such as\n                        <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                        may have a significant impact on other microorganisms and potentially result in dynamic changes in the microbial composition.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00686-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T09:00:26Z","timestamp":1728032426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n                    kills\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    in a polyphosphate-dependent manner"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ritika","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius Kwesi","family":"Narh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Urlaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Jankiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colton","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Livingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8597-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan-Ulrik","family":"Dahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Microbiology, Normal, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17745-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2015.8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00873-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12180"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.824042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00266"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02198-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/498518"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606756104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2003981"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.403-434.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2015.1023291"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.142.3.836-842.1980"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-5904-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c00665"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114805"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2004.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.9.2515-2517.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2014.5979"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00950-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang GZ Warren EA Haas AL Pe\u00f1a AS Kiedrowski MR Lomenick B Chou T-F Bomberger JM Tirrell DA Limoli DH. 2023. 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