{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T18:35:57Z","timestamp":1778524557543,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Current diagnosis of toxoplasmosis relies almost exclusively on antibody detection, and while detection of IgG provides a useful estimate of prior infection, it does not alone indicate immune status. In contrast, detection of IFN-\u03b3 responses to<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>antigens has been used to monitor immune responsiveness in HIV-infected patients, thus providing valuable predictions about the potential for disease reactivation. However, specific<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>antigens that can be used in assays to detect cellular immunity remain largely undefined. In this study, we examined the diagnostic potential of microneme antigens of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>using IFN-\u03b3 detection assays. Our findings demonstrate that MIC antigens (MIC1, MIC3, MIC4, and MIC6) elicit IFN-\u03b3 responses from memory T cells in chronically infected mice. Monitoring IFN-\u03b3 production by T cells stimulated with MIC antigens provided high sensitivity and specificity for detection of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. gondii<\/jats:named-content>infection in mice. Taken together, these studies suggest that microneme antigens might be useful as an adjunct to serological testing to monitor immune status during infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00711-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T13:51:08Z","timestamp":1551189068000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Secretory Microneme Proteins Induce T-Cell Recall Responses in Mice Chronically Infected with Toxoplasma gondii"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Iti","family":"Saraav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiuling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. David","family":"Sibley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis508"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.132.4.636"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.2.277"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/15.2.211"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(99)80064-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.4.1856","article-title":"Antigen-specific CD8+ T cell clone protects against acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice","volume":"152","author":"Khan IA","year":"1994","unstructured":"Khan IA, Ely KH, Kasper LH. 1994. Antigen-specific CD8+ T cell clone protects against acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. J Immunol 152:1856\u20131860.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.158.3.670"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.7.2340","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha triggers antitoxoplasmal activity of IFN-gamma primed macrophages","volume":"147","author":"Sibley LD","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sibley LD, Adams LB, Fukutomi Y, Krahenbuhl JL. 1991. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha triggers antitoxoplasmal activity of IFN-gamma primed macrophages. J Immunol 147:2340\u20132345.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3128869"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01722-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1991.tb08150.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.1.286","article-title":"Synergistic role of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in IFN-gamma production and protective immunity induced by an attenuated Toxoplasma gondii vaccine","volume":"146","author":"Gazzinelli RT","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gazzinelli RT, Hakim FT, Hieny S, Shearer GM, Sher A. 1991. Synergistic role of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in IFN-gamma production and protective immunity induced by an attenuated Toxoplasma gondii vaccine. J Immunol 146:286\u2013292.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1994.tb01858.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.8.4432-4438.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(00)00211-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.4.569"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000815"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.11.68"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/44385"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104702"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.1999.00023.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"114","article-title":"Sequential protein secretion from three distinct organelles of Toxoplasma gondii accompanies invasion of human fibroblasts","volume":"73","author":"Carruthers VB","year":"1997","unstructured":"Carruthers VB, Sibley LD. 1997. Sequential protein secretion from three distinct organelles of Toxoplasma gondii accompanies invasion of human fibroblasts. Eur J Cell Biol 73:114\u2013123.","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01174.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3420379"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041672"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.325928"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.700518"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"376","article-title":"Recognition of Toxoplasma gondii excreted and secreted antigens by human sera from acquired and congenital toxoplasmosis: identification of markers of acute and chronic infection","volume":"73","author":"Decoster A","year":"1988","unstructured":"Decoster A, Darcy F, Capron A. 1988. Recognition of Toxoplasma gondii excreted and secreted antigens by human sera from acquired and congenital toxoplasmosis: identification of markers of acute and chronic infection. Clin Exp Immunol 73:376\u2013382.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.7.2120-2126.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1999.00229.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.11.6222-6228.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5396.2085"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni809"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(99)00185-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9673(95)00126-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181ec173d"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181dab122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(82)90073-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)90226-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01964443"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/152.5.1020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.179-184.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/inf.1983.15.issue-3.12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01683.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01903-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181586052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)05115-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17592-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.9.5217"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","first-page":"704","article-title":"Cellular immune responses to recombinant antigens in pregnant women chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"9","author":"Fatoohi AF","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fatoohi AF, Cozon GJ, Greenland T, Ferrandiz J, Bienvenu J, Picot S, Peyron F. 2002. Cellular immune responses to recombinant antigens in pregnant women chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9:704\u2013707.","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.11.5869-5876.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2006.26.787"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00425-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.3.1594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001208"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1935"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/12910"}],"container-title":["mSphere"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mSphere.00711-18","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mSphere.00711-18","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T23:19:16Z","timestamp":1694647156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mSphere.00711-18"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Upinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mSphere.00711-18"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msphere.00711-18","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-5042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-5042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-01-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00711-18"}}