{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:59:01Z","timestamp":1785437941149,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017170","name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R2565B001, R2566B001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2565B001, R2566B001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017170","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004944","name":"Naresuan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MD2565C004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MD2565C004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004944","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>The present study investigated T and B cell responses following a second heterologous booster dose of BNT162b2 administered after a two-dose CoronaVac regimen for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in 15 healthcare workers. Blood samples were collected 4 weeks after the first booster and at both 4 and 24 weeks after the second BNT162b2 booster. Interferon-\u03b3-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were detectable 4 weeks after the first booster, whereas only CD4+ T cells remained detectable at both 4 and 24 weeks after the second booster. Seven of the 15 participants (46.7%) were diagnosed with COVID-19 approximately 16 weeks after receiving the second booster. These individuals exhibited significantly higher frequencies of CD4+ T cells at 24 weeks post-booster than at 4 weeks post-booster. In contrast, the non-COVID-19 group exhibited significantly higher CD4+ T cell responses 4 weeks after the second booster. Memory B cells were detected at low frequencies at all three time points. IgG antibodies against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein were detectable at all three time points, with a significant decline observed 24 weeks after the second booster. Overall, CD4+ T and B cell responses induced by a heterologous second booster dose of BNT162b2 following a primary two-dose CoronaVac regimen were rapidly elicited and sustained for at least 6 months.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>There is limited evidence regarding T and B cell responses following a primary COVID-19 vaccination series with CoronaVac and two heterologous BNT162b2 booster doses. This study investigated the longitudinal T and B cell responses induced by a second heterologous BNT162b2 booster following a primary two-dose CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccination regimen. These results demonstrate that CD4+ T cells induced by the second heterologous BNT162b2 booster play a key role in protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and progression to severe disease. This study suggests the need for the future consideration of repeated emergency vaccine-boosting strategies in response to emerging viral infections.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00722-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T14:00:27Z","timestamp":1763474427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["T and B cell responses following primary COVID-19 vaccination with CoronaVac and two heterologous BNT162b2 booster doses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Apirath","family":"Wangteeraprasert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03e2qe334","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University","place":["Phitsanulok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sutatip","family":"Pongcharoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03e2qe334","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University","place":["Phitsanulok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jatuporn","family":"Ngoenkam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03e2qe334","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University","place":["Phitsanulok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2708-5863","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Supawadee","family":"Makanut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03e2qe334","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University","place":["Phitsanulok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"WHO COVID-19 Dashboard. 2020. 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