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However, data from underrepresented populations, like Iceland, with its distinct dietary and lifestyle habits, remain limited. This paper presents the initial findings from the Icelandic Diet and the Infant Gut Microbiome Development (IceGut) study. Fecal samples were collected at multiple time points, representing 328 unique study identifiers, with one to five samples per child, from before the introduction of solid foods up to 5 years of age, and postpartum samples from 214 mothers. Microbial composition and predicted functional potential were assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Children in the cohort followed typical gut microbiome maturation, but at 1 year of age, they showed a notably higher relative abundance of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Blautia<\/jats:italic>\n                      than reported in comparable cohorts. This time point marked a transition in both taxonomic composition and predicted functional gene counts. By 5 years, the children had higher observed richness than their mothers but lower Shannon and Simpson diversities. At 2 and 5 years, and in the mothers, samples positive for archaea had significantly higher alpha diversity than samples that tested negative for archaea. Mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) exhibited a higher relative abundance of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Blautia<\/jats:italic>\n                      but a lower alpha diversity. The variance in offspring gut microbiome explained by maternal GDM became progressively stronger over time, being significant at the age of 5 and explaining 2.5% of the variance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of gut microbiome development in Icelandic children, covering the time from before the introduction of solid foods to 5 years of age. Although the overall developmental patterns of the gut microbiome in Icelandic children were similar to what has been seen in other studies, interesting differences were observed, such as a higher abundance of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Blautia<\/jats:italic>\n                      at an earlier age compared to other study populations. Higher alpha diversity in archaeal-positive samples, both in mothers and in children at the ages of 2 and 5, compared with archaeal-negative samples seen in the present study, is worth further investigation. Additionally, the study suggests a potential role of maternal and perinatal factors, particularly GDM, which was not evident until the age of 5 years, emphasizing the necessity of long-term studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00745-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T14:00:10Z","timestamp":1764684010000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Results from the IceGut study: tracking the gut microbiome development from mothers and infants up to five years of age"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3685-4078","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Agnes Thora","family":"Arnadottir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mat\u00eds ohf.","place":["Reykjav\u00edk, 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