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There is a pressing need for alternative strategies, with an emphasis on anti-virulent approaches to alter the outcome of bacterial infections, given the increase in antimicrobial-resistant strains.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      causes cholera by secreting virulence factors in the intestinal epithelial cells. These virulence factors facilitate bacterial colonization and cholera toxin production during infection. Here, we demonstrate that sodium butyrate (SB), a small molecule, had no effect on bacterial viability but was effective in suppressing the virulence attributes of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The production of cholera toxin (CT) was significantly reduced in a standard\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      El Tor strain and two clinical isolates when grown in the presence of SB. Analysis of mRNA and protein levels further revealed that SB reduced the expression of the ToxT-dependent virulence genes like\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tcpA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ctxAB<\/jats:italic>\n                      . DNA-protein interaction assays, conducted at cellular (ChIP) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      conditions (EMSA), indicated that SB weakens the binding between ToxT and its downstream promoter DNA, likely by blocking DNA binding. Furthermore, the anti-virulence efficacy of SB was confirmed in animal models. These findings suggest that SB could be developed as an anti-virulence agent against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">V. cholerae,<\/jats:italic>\n                      serving as a potential alternative to conventional antibiotics or as an adjunctive therapy to combat cholera.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The world has been facing an upsurge in cholera cases since 2021, a similar trend continuing into 2022, with over 29 countries reporting cholera outbreaks (World Health Organization, 16 December 2022, Disease Outbreak News, Cholera\u2014global situation). Treatment of cholera involves oral rehydration therapy coupled with antibiotics to reduce the duration of the illness. However, in recent years, indiscriminate use of antibiotics has contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. In this study, we have addressed the problem of antibiotic resistance by targeting virulence factors. Screening various compounds using\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      methods led to the identification of a small molecule, SB, that inhibits the virulence cascade in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . We demonstrated that (i) SB intervened in ToxT protein-DNA binding and subsequently affected the expression of ToxT-regulated virulence genes (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ctxAB<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tcpA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and (ii) SB is a potential therapeutic candidate for the development of a novel antimicrobial agent.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00824-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T09:00:26Z","timestamp":1745312426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sodium butyrate inhibits the expression of virulence factors in\n                    <i>Vibrio cholerae<\/i>\n                    by targeting ToxT protein"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4004-8481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sushmita","family":"Kundu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections (Formerly ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases)","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2714-033X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suman","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections (Formerly ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases)","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Maitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections (Formerly ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases)","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prolay","family":"Halder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections (Formerly ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases)","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemanta","family":"Koley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections (Formerly ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases)","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asish K.","family":"Mukhopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections (Formerly ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases)","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-ichi","family":"Miyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University","place":["Okayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanta","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections (Formerly ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases)","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabendu Sekhar","family":"Chatterjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections (Formerly ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases)","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6867-4381","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sushmita","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections (Formerly ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases)","place":["Kolkata, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30559-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2023. 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