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However, some are now suggesting that fetuses are consistently colonized\n                    <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                    by microorganisms from microbial communities that inhabit the placenta and intra-amniotic environment. Given the established causal role of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (i.e., intra-amniotic infection) in pregnancy complications, especially preterm birth, if the\n                    <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonization hypothesis were true, there are several aspects of current understanding that will need to be reconsidered; these aspects include the magnitude of intra-amniotic microbial load required to cause disease and its potential influence on the ontogeny of the immune system. However, acceptance of the\n                    <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonization hypothesis is premature. Herein, we do not find consistent evidence for placental and fetal microbiota in mice using culture, qPCR, and DNA sequencing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00933-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]],"date-time":"2020-02-25T07:56:47Z","timestamp":1582617407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["No Consistent Evidence for Microbiota in Murine Placental and Fetal Tissues"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8690-7599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin R.","family":"Theis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver 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