{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:30:30Z","timestamp":1787614230893,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Government | Canadian Institutes of Health Research","award":["FDN-154288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDN-154288"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              The cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) plays important roles in a wide range of biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. In the fungal pathogen\n              <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n              , PKA is a critical regulator of morphological transitions, which are a key virulence trait. PKA is composed of two catalytic isoforms, Tpk1 and Tpk2, which are often thought to act together in a complex with the regulatory subunit Bcy1. Although Tpk1 and Tpk2 have some redundant functions, they also have distinct cellular functions for which the mechanistic underpinnings remain largely elusive. Here, we constructed functional GFP-tagged fusion proteins for Tpk1, Tpk2, and Bcy1 to explore the localization of PKA isoforms. We observed that the PKA holoenzyme is mainly found in the cytoplasm, as Bcy1 is always excluded from the nucleus. Under glucose-replete conditions, both Tpk1 and Tpk2 translocate into the nucleus from the cytosol. In the presence of glycerol, Tpk1 resides in the cytosol, whereas Tpk2 and Bcy1 become enriched on the vacuolar membrane. As the C-terminal domains of Tpk are highly homologous, we investigated the localization and function of hybrid Tpk proteins with exchanged N-terminal domains. We found the catalytic C-terminus of Tpk1 is required for morphogenesis in solid medium, whereas the C-terminus of Tpk2 is critical for filamentation in liquid. Interestingly, the N-terminus of Tpk2 drives its localization to the vacuolar membrane. Our work highlights environmentally contingent localization patterns for the PKA subunits and suggests that the nuclear localization of Tpk is not sufficient to induce the filamentation program in a leading fungal pathogen of humans.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                Fungal pathogens have a devastating impact on human health worldwide. They infect billions of people and kill more than 2.5 million per year.\n                <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                is a leading human fungal pathogen responsible for causing life-threatening systemic disease in immunocompromised individuals. A key virulence trait in\n                <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                is the ability to switch between yeast and filamentous forms. The conserved protein kinase A (PKA) regulates diverse functions in the cell, including growth and filamentation. Although PKA has been studied in\n                <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                for decades, the subcellular localization of PKA has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we constructed functional GFP-tagged PKA subunits to explore their localization. We identified differential localization patterns for the PKA subunits that are carbon-source dependent and report that these proteins localize into foci in response to diverse environmental stresses. These findings further our understanding of a critical regulator of growth and virulence in\n                <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                .\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.01037-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T14:11:15Z","timestamp":1740492675000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring the differential localization of protein kinase A isoforms in\n            <i>Candida albicans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9908-4958","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saif","family":"Hossain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4198-8214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongle","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5797-0110","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leah E.","family":"Cowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Candida and candidosis: a review and bibliography","author":"Odds FC","year":"1988","unstructured":"Odds FC. 1988. Candida and candidosis: a review and bibliography. 2nd ed. W.B. Saunders, London.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-1860-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00692-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00045-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.09.106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05248.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02672.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001193"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.12.11.3631"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0898-6568(98)00015-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02127"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02688.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/157.4.1523"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13681"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00192"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2017.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00538"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00168-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2009.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00148-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-842"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.1.190-199.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90223-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmc.76"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-020-01107-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.3681"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00276-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009861"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219280000621"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-144-3-689"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.12.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407097102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-020-00833-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2016.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2012.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.104782"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.110125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M805232200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2010.138"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.106278"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00362.2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2008.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.197889"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920312800493205"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01413.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.70.1.253-282.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(96)00157-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0061(20000130)16:2<121::AID-YEA511>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2011.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00851-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01342-17"}],"container-title":["mSphere"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/msphere.01037-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/msphere.01037-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T15:24:28Z","timestamp":1742916268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/msphere.01037-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Aaron P.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/msphere.01037-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msphere.01037-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-5042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-5042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01037-24"}}