{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T12:54:27Z","timestamp":1776430467073,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSystems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            It has been estimated that bacterial vaginosis (BV) influences as many as one-third of women, but its etiology remains unclear. A traditionally held view is that dominance by\n            <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n            is the hallmark of a healthy vaginal microbiome (VM) and lack of dominance may make women BV-prone. A more recent characterization is that the human VMs can be classified into five major types, four of which possess type-specific dominant species of\n            <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n            . The remaining one (type IV) is not dominated by\n            <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n            and contains a handful of strictly anaerobic bacteria. Nevertheless, exceptions to the first hypothesis have been noticed from the very beginning, and there is not a definite relationship, suggested yet, between the five VM types and BV status. Here, we propose a novel hypothesis that assumes the existence of four VM types from dichotomous crisscrossing of \u201ccomplex versus simple (high-diversity or low-dominance versus low-diversity or high-dominance)\u201d on \u201chealthy versus BV\u201d (the four essential dimensions of VMs). We comprehensively test the hypothesis with 7,958 VM samples by demonstrating the statistically significant differences between the four VM types in community diversity, composition, dominance, heterogeneity, and stochasticity, and by identifying unique\/enriched species in each VM type. We further verified the categorization (hypothesis) by using six machine learning (ML) algorithms, including deep learning artificial intelligence (AI) technology, to reclassify the randomly mixed VM samples into four respective types and achieved 85%\u2013100% classification precisions. Our hypothesis provides a foundation for further investigating the etiology and automatic diagnosis of BV based on inexpensive amplicon sequencing and AI technology.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              BV may influence as many as one-third of women, but its etiology remains unclear. A traditional view is that dominance by\n              <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n              is the hallmark of a healthy vaginal microbiome and lack of dominance may make women BV-prone. Recent studies show that the human VMs can be classified into five major types, four of which possess type-specific dominant species of\n              <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n              . The remaining one (type IV) is not dominated by\n              <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n              and contains a handful of strictly anaerobic bacteria. Nevertheless, exceptions to the first hypothesis have been noticed from the very beginning, and there is not a definite relationship, suggested yet, between the five VM types and BV status. Here, we propose and test a novel hypothesis that assumes the existence of four VM types from dichotomous crisscrossing of \u201ccomplex versus simple (high diversity or low dominance versus low diversity or high dominance)\u201d on \u201chealthy versus BV.\u201d Consequently, there are simple BV versus complex BV.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00049-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T13:04:28Z","timestamp":1693400668000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A new hypothesis on BV etiology: dichotomous and crisscrossing categorization of complex versus simple on healthy versus BV vaginal microbiomes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4397-2630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanshan (Sam)","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology and Medical Ecology Lab, State Key Lab of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming, China"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2011.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-092611-150157"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200105000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2011.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-999-0045-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1183605"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010197"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00204-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003605"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2012.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu303"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-1-29"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26674"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0305-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02150-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy243"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50410-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236036"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa084"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00777-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114981"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04049-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2020.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3366"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12478"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2477"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecm.1358"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00900-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.699939"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0395-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201902054"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.07116"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101195"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa093"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","article-title":"Specificity diversity framework (SDF): a novel approach to detecting the microbiome changes associated with diseases","author":"Ma ZS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma ZS . 2022. 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