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We demonstrate that the stomach microbiota largely overlaps those of adjacent gastrointestinal locations and identify gradual decreases and increases in the relative abundances of specific bacteria within the stomach, suggesting selective enrichment and depletion. Moreover, similarities between stomach and esophagus samples are proportional to the concentrations of\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in the stomach. The relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the stomach, compared to that of\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is increased in RNA relative to DNA, indicating higher transcriptional activity. Moreover, increased absolute bacterial loads are associated with decreased relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>\n                    and higher relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our findings characterize the stomach microbiota as influenced by\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                    influx against a background of transcriptionally more active\n                    <jats:italic>Firmicutes.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Human, mouse, and gerbil stomach microbiotas differ at lower taxonomic levels, which might affect the utility of these model organisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00262-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]],"date-time":"2018-11-19T05:36:22Z","timestamp":1542605782000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Qualitative and Quantitative DNA- and RNA-Based Analysis of the Bacterial Stomach Microbiota in Humans, Mice, and Gerbils"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Wurm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Theodor Escherich Laboratory for Medical Microbiome Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"D\u00f6rner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Kremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Spranger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Maddox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Halwachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Theodor Escherich Laboratory for Medical Microbiome Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"},{"name":"BioTechMed Interuniversity Cooperation, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"H\u00f6genauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theodor Escherich Laboratory for Medical Microbiome Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"},{"name":"BioTechMed Interuniversity Cooperation, Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Gorkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Theodor Escherich Laboratory for Medical Microbiome Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria"},{"name":"BioTechMed Interuniversity Cooperation, Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1586-0962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. 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