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This has resulted in an increased prevalence of atypical pathogens, including non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). CF-isolation rates of NTM and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      are high, and those co-colonized have worse clinical outcomes. We therefore investigated the behavior of these two organisms in a dual-species biofilm. We found that co-culture of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium abscessus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MAB) promoted biofilm formation by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Confocal imaging revealed changes in biomass and structural organization of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilm during co-culture with MAB. DNase treatment slightly decreased dual-species biofilm, but biofilm formation was abrogated in a Pel-deficient mutant of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Moreover, MAB stimulated the overproduction of Pel polysaccharide in dual-species biofilms with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Furthermore, dual-species cultures promoted tolerance of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      to tobramycin treatment. Finally, transcriptomics analysis revealed that MAB alters the expression of genes that impact biofilm formation in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Overall, our findings highlight a Pel-dependent interaction between\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. abscessus<\/jats:italic>\n                      that may result in bacterial persistence for pwCF during antibiotic therapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Advances in treatments for cystic fibrosis have increased the incidence of \u201cnon-typical\u201d infections, including those caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). NTM are often found in the lungs alongside the pathogen\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                        , and patients infected with both tend to have worse clinical outcomes. In this study, we examined how these two organisms interact under biofilm conditions, an important lifestyle adaptation in chronic pulmonary infections. We found that when grown together,\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium abscessus<\/jats:italic>\n                        enhanced biofilm formation by\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                        and reduced the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment. Our findings reveal a Pel-dependent interaction between two important lung pathogens that may contribute to more severe infections and poorer treatment outcomes in people with cystic fibrosis or other chronic lung diseases. Understanding these mechanisms opens new opportunities for developing strategies to combat these complex infections.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00270-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T13:03:05Z","timestamp":1779109385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Pel polysaccharide modulates interspecies interactions between\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Mycobacterium abscessus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5178-842X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Melissa 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