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We hypothesized that there would be differences in the cervicovaginal microbiota among pregnant, nonpregnant, and menopausal women living in Puerto Rico (PR) with and without human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer. We specifically wanted to determine if the microbiota is associated with variations in cervical cytology. A total of 294 women, including reproductive-age nonpregnant (\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            = 196), pregnant (\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            = 37), and menopausal (\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            = 61) women, were enrolled. The cervicovaginal bacteria were characterized by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, the HPV was genotyped with SPF10-LiPA, and cervical cytology was quantified. High-risk HPV (HR-HPV, 67.3%) was prevalent, including genotypes not covered by the 9vt HPV vaccine. Cervical lesions (34%) were also common. The cervical microbiota was dominated by\n            <jats:italic>Lactobacillus iners<\/jats:italic>\n            . Pregnant women in the second and third trimesters exhibited a decrease in diversity and abundance of microbes associated with bacterial vaginosis. Women in menopause had greater alpha diversity, a greater proportion of facultative and strictly anaerobic bacteria, and higher cervicovaginal pH than premenopausal women. Cervical lesions were associated with greater alpha diversity. However, no significant associations between the microbiota and HPV infection (HR or LR-HPV types) were found. The cervicovaginal microbiota of women living in Puerto Rican were either dominated by\n            <jats:italic>L. iners<\/jats:italic>\n            or diverse microbial communities regardless of a woman\u2019s physiological stage. We postulate that the microbiota and the high prevalence of HR-HPV increase the risk of cervical lesions among women living in PR.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              In the enclosed manuscript, we provide the first in-depth characterization of the cervicovaginal microbiota of Hispanic women living in Puerto Rico (PR), using a 16S rRNA approach, and include women of different physiological stages. Surprisingly we found that high-risk HPV was ubiquitous with a prevalence of 67.3%, including types not covered by the 9vt HPV vaccine. We also found highly diverse microbial communities across women groups\u2014with a reduction in pregnant women, but dominated by nonoptimal\n              <jats:italic>Lactobacillus iners<\/jats:italic>\n              . Additionally, we found vaginosis-associated bacteria as\n              <jats:italic>Dialister<\/jats:italic>\n              spp.,\n              <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\n              spp.,\n              <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n              , or\n              <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n              among most women. We believe this is a relevant and timely article expanding knowledge on the cervicovaginal microbiome of PR women, where we postulate that these highly diverse communities are conducive to cervical disease.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00357-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T13:28:06Z","timestamp":1691069286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The cervical microbiota of Hispanics living in Puerto Rico is nonoptimal regardless of HPV status"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Vargas-Robles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus , San Juan, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefina","family":"Romaguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus , San Juan, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Alvarado-Velez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus , San Juan, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Tosado-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus , San Juan, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anelisse","family":"Dominicci-Maura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus , San Juan, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center , San Juan, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara J.","family":"Wiggin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California, USA"},{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magaly","family":"Martinez-Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center , San Juan, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack A.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California, USA"},{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry J.","family":"Forney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho , Moscow, Idaho, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1880-0498","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Filipa","family":"Godoy-Vitorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus , San Juan, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30482-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","unstructured":"Inc. 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