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However, the gut microbiota signature of patients at different stages of atrial fibrillation remains largely unknown. We sought to determine whether the shift in the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles occurs early and remains stable or develops gradually during atrial fibrillation. We found that patients with persistent atrial fibrillation of &lt;12\u2009months and persistent atrial fibrillation of &gt;12\u2009months shared most of the common features of gut microbiota dysbiosis. However, some distinctive and progressive alterations in the gut microbiota and metabolic structure, which may contribute to the progression of atrial fibrillation, were identified. The present study provides a comprehensive description of the dysbiotic gut microbiota and metabolic profiles in patients of short and long persistent atrial fibrillation, and our findings may help identify therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiota to treat atrial fibrillation at an early stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00422-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T11:07:43Z","timestamp":1575889663000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Duration of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Is Associated with Alterations in Human Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5503-6161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Zuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Center &amp; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing 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