{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:42:06Z","timestamp":1785404526067,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM147508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM147508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NSF Science and Technology Center for Quantitative Cell Biology","award":["DBI2243257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBI2243257"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSystems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dormant microbial spores provide one of the clearest and most extreme examples of how cells can pause life for extended periods and then reliably restart it. Although bacterial and fungal spores are often grouped under \u201cdormancy,\u201d the physical strategies by which they suspend and resume life differ fundamentally. Here, I compare two canonical systems\u2014\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      endospores and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ascospores\u2014using a dynamical-systems framework from a physicist\u2019s perspective. I propose that dormancy is not simply \u201clow metabolism,\u201d but a dynamical reconfiguration that decouples local molecular clocks from a global biological clock while preserving an intrinsic capacity to resume sustained nonequilibrium dynamics, which I refer to as nonequilibrium capacity. Specifically, in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      spores, \u201cdry dormancy\u201d is enforced by immobilization: dehydration and material constraints suppress appreciable molecular diffusion and reaction fluxes, arresting global biological time by suppressing local molecular clocks. In\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      spores, \u201cwet dormancy\u201d appears to be achieved by throttling: spores remain hydrated, retain molecular mobility, and support some slow irreversible processes such as gene expression, yet global biological time remains arrested because, as I propose, local activity fails to propagate into sustained organism-level progression (e.g., growth and division). Together, these comparisons place dry and wet dormancy as distinct regions of a physical design space defined by hydration, molecular mobility, energetic flux, and cross-scale coupling between local activity and global progression, and motivate quantitative models of dormancy and revival dynamics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00494-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T13:00:21Z","timestamp":1778850021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dry versus wet dormancy: suspended lives of\n                    <i>Bacillus subtilis<\/i>\n                    versus\n                    <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/i>\n                    spores"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1687-5760","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hyun","family":"Youk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/047426m28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","place":["Urbana, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/047426m28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"NSF Science and Technology Center for Quantitative Cell Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","place":["Urbana, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/047426m28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","place":["Urbana, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newton.2025.100358"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"What is life? 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