{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T13:40:54Z","timestamp":1792503654968,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 AI163969-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 AI163969-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004493","name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Agreement No. 28993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Agreement No. 28993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004493","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSystems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Glossina fuscipes fuscipes<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Gff<\/jats:italic>\n ) is a riverine species of the\n Glossina<\/jats:italic>\n genus (tsetse flies). It is one of the principal vector species responsible for transmitting human African trypanosomiasis across a broad swath of sub-Saharan Africa. Consequently, it remains a primary target for vector-control interventions in endemic regions. As with other\n Glossina<\/jats:italic>\n species,\n G. fuscipes<\/jats:italic>\n houses a highly streamlined microbiota, composed of maternally transmitted endosymbionts mandatory for survival, which also significantly impacts the vectorial capacity. Among them, the obligate\n Wigglesworthia<\/jats:italic>\n provides essential nutrients and stimulates maturation of the fly\u2019s immune system, providing a refractory effect against\n Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n . It also harbors the commensal\n Sodalis<\/jats:italic>\n and parasitic\n Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n , the latter of which induces cytoplasmic incompatibility. In addition,\n Gff<\/jats:italic>\n hosts a\n Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n strain that enhances host refractoriness to trypanosome infection but disrupts female metabolic and reproductive homeostasis. We used high-throughput RNA sequencing to examine the impact of\n Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n on male testes and accessory glands to reveal how this microbe exerts its influence on male reproductive physiology. We found that\n Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n substantially alters testes physiology, downregulating genes involved in energy metabolism and sperm function, suggesting reduced male reproductive fitness. In contrast, accessory gland gene expression was not significantly affected despite the critical role of these organs in semen production and reproductive success, considering also that the bacterium exploits the ejaculate to further increase its population prevalence.\n Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n infection also correlated with increased abundance of other symbionts, including\n Wigglesworthia<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n \n A complex host-symbiont interplay makes the\n Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n harbored in tsetse fly intriguing. The unexpected male-specific energetic costs of\n Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n infection keep open the biological question of why this bacterium is maintained in this species. On the other hand,\n Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n infection correlates with increased abundance of\n Wigglesworthia<\/jats:italic>\n , promoting trypanosome refractoriness. The present work adds a valuable layer to further interpret the ecological and evolutionary narrative of\n Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n interactions, and lays the preliminary groundwork to explore the potential of using\n Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n as a biocontrol agent. While acknowledging that our findings were derived from a long-established laboratory colony, the data on the modulation of fly reproductive fitness and on the possible contribution to trypanosome refractoriness found make\n Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n intriguing for strategic integration into environmentally sustainable vector management programs, potentially in concert with the Sterile Insect Technique. The results provide significant advances in symbiont-host interactions, bringing new insight into understanding the role of symbionts in viviparous tsetse flies. We also provide a community forum for discussion on the possible use of bacteria as species-specific biocontrol.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00526-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:18:46Z","timestamp":1789132726000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spiroplasma<\/i>\n in\n Glossina fuscipes fuscipes<\/i>\n : a potential manipulator of male reproduction"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6593-1725","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Piccinno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00s6t1f81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d, University of Pavia","place":["Pavia, 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