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To depict in detail the enigmatic life of chemosynthetic microbes, which are key primary producers in these ecosystems, metatranscriptomic analysis is expected to be a promising approach. However, this has been hindered by substantial perturbation (e.g., RNA degradation) during time-consuming retrieval from the deep sea. In this study, we conducted direct metatranscriptome analysis of microbial episymbionts of deep-sea squat lobsters (\n                    <jats:italic>Shinkaia crosnieri<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) by applying\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    RNA stabilization equipment. Compared to conventional metatranscriptomics (i.e., RNA stabilization after retrieval), our method provided substantially different RNA expression profiles. Moreover, we discovered that\n                    <jats:italic>S. crosnieri<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its episymbiotic microbes constitute complex and resilient ecosystems, where closely related but various episymbionts are stably maintained by horizontal exchange and partly by their sulfur storage ability for survival even when sulfur compounds are not usable, likely also in a detached and free-living state.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00551-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T09:29:14Z","timestamp":1602494954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Metatranscriptomics by\n                    <i>In Situ<\/i>\n                    RNA Stabilization Directly and Comprehensively Revealed Episymbiotic Microbial Communities of Deep-Sea Squat Lobsters"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Kaori","family":"Motoki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), Super-cutting-edge Grand and Advanced Research (SUGAR) Program, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomo-o","family":"Watsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), Super-cutting-edge Grand and Advanced Research (SUGAR) Program, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Higashi Chikushi Junior College, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 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