{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:59:30Z","timestamp":1790171970225,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia","award":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/SKK0\/UITM\/03\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/SKK0\/UITM\/03\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05mcs2t73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSystems"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) parasites, particularly\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                      , co-exist and co-evolve with a complex human microbiota within the gut ecosystem. Most research has focused on how parasitic nematodes affect the host gut microbial structure and its consequences. In contrast, studies on the parasites\u2019 own associated microbiota remain underexplored. Understanding this gap is crucial, as it adds another layer of complexity to holobiont-holobiont interactions. Driven by the Parasite Microbiome Project, this review summarizes current evidence on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ascaris-<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichuris<\/jats:italic>\n                      -associated microbiomes from both natural and experimental studies, with a focus on their compositions, potential functional roles, challenges, and future directions. Existing findings are largely based on microbiomes associated with the gut of the parasites and are often characterized by transient, host-derived communities acquired through horizontal transmission, which may contribute to parasite survival and host interaction. We therefore emphasize the need to expand investigations to other specific tissues, particularly reproductive organs, as potential sites of a stable and conserved microbiota in STH parasites. Understanding this aspect is essential for advancing our knowledge of parasite-microbiome-host interactions in STH infections and may uncover the potential of microbiome-based therapeutic interventions for STH control and prevention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00569-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:01:08Z","timestamp":1790168468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parasite-associated microbiomes in\n                    <i>Ascaris<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Trichuris<\/i>\n                    nematodes: current evidence, challenges, and future directions"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"given":"Shezryna","family":"Shahrizal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05n8tts92","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh","place":["Sungai Buloh, Malaysia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05n8tts92","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh","place":["Sungai Buloh, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Shafiq","family":"Aazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05n8tts92","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA","place":["Shah Alam, Malaysia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05n8tts92","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Microbiome Health and Environment (MiHeaRT), Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA","place":["Shah Alam, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne Ai Lian","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rzspn62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1351-2526","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Azdayanti","family":"Muslim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05n8tts92","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh","place":["Sungai Buloh, Malaysia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05n8tts92","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Microbiome Health and Environment (MiHeaRT), Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA","place":["Shah Alam, Malaysia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05n8tts92","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Teknologi MARA","place":["Shah Alam, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2023. Soil-transmitted helminth infections. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Parasites\u2014soil-transmitted helminths. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/sth\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01238-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68653-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-37"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3182"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002880"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0416-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1187703"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16344"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X23000056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf3229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01399-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1218525110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)60004-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067425"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-016-0258-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00485"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00954"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Symbiogenesis and symbionticism","author":"Margulis L","year":"1991","unstructured":"Margulis L. 1991. Symbiosis as a source of evolutionary innovation: speciation and morphogenesis, p 1\u201314. In Margulis L, Fester R (ed), Symbiogenesis and symbionticism. MIT Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004093"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00050-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aap7399"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106277"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23608-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2024.e00223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607183113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-021-01774-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3MR0316-106R"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.027375-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000422"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2024.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2012.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12294"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci6040116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008446"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13199-010-0067-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evt125"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0986-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X15001066"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-025-02231-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-42"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-015-0062-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.626120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00271"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-002-0174-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_454_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0727"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-024-01680-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12102076"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17460913.2024.2431417"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1460014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00047-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234023"}],"container-title":["mSystems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/msystems.00569-26","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/msystems.00569-26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:01:11Z","timestamp":1790168471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/msystems.00569-26"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Renuka R.","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["10.1128\/msystems.00569-26"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.00569-26","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-5077"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-5077","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-09-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00569-26"}}