{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T19:38:42Z","timestamp":1793129922502,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82202465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82202465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018556","name":"Suzhou Science and Technology Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SYW2024085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYW2024085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018556","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Changshu Key Laboratory of Medical Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Grant","award":["CYZ202301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYZ202301"]}]},{"name":"Changshu Key Laboratory of Medical Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Grant","award":["CS202314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CS202314"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSystems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      clonal complex (CC)398 has emerged as a dominant livestock-associated methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (LA-MRSA) lineage worldwide; however, its evolutionary trajectory and regional diversification remain incompletely understood. We developed a core-genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) scheme with hierarchical clustering and applied it to over 30,000\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      genomes, revealing frequent cross-border transmission of CC398. Subsequent time-calibrated phylogenetic analysis placed the most recent common ancestor at 1942 (95% CI: 1939\u20131945), with the human-to-livestock host jump around 1969 (95% CI: 1968\u20131972). Chinese CC398 exhibits a distinct trajectory: unlike the LA-MRSA lineages dominating Europe and North America, Chinese isolates are predominantly human-associated methicillin-susceptible\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (HA-MSSA), forming unique East Asia-specific phylogroups (SAP1, SAP2, and AP1\u2013AP3), with distinct resistance and virulence profiles. The LA lineage remains limited in China, with multinational mixed clusters emerging only after 2019. Analysis of global transmission networks revealed a significant correlation between LA-CC398 spread and international trade in fresh swine products, while no such correlation was observed for the human-associated lineage. Beyond the established lineage markers\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                      (M) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">scn<\/jats:italic>\n                      , our analysis identified additional differentially distributed genes, including\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cadC<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2014a chromosomal cadmium resistance regulator\u2014as a novel HA-lineage-enriched gene whose functional role in host adaptation remains to be determined. This study reveals that CC398 followed fundamentally different evolutionary paths in China versus Western countries, challenging a one-size-fits-all model of its dissemination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        This study illustrates how large-scale microbial genomics can resolve the evolutionary origins and regional diversification of bacterial pathogens. By applying a novel cgMLST scheme to over 30,000\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                        genomes, we show that CC398 followed fundamentally different evolutionary paths in China versus Western countries\u2014challenging the prevailing model of uniform global dissemination\u2014and that livestock-associated MRSA expansion is closely linked to international trade in fresh pork products. These findings highlight the need for integrated surveillance across human, animal, and trade interfaces to anticipate the emergence and spread of zoonotic pathogens.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00621-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:00:53Z","timestamp":1789131653000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Large-scale genomic analysis places Chinese CC398 as a persistent human-associated MSSA lineage apart from the dominant global LA-MRSA clade"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5441-9438","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guilai","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu No.1 People's Hospital, Soochow 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