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The vaginal microbiota, dominated by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, plays a critical role in maintaining a healthy vaginocervical microenvironment. However, the influence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      on the pathogenesis and treatment of CC remains underexplored. Here, we report that the optimized 60\u201380 nm size dominant of extracellular vesicles from various\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species (nLEVs) significantly affects cutaneous wound healing and HPV infection. Specifically, nCEVs\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">from Lactobacillus crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      demonstrate superior efficacy compared to nIEVs from\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus iners<\/jats:italic>\n                      in promoting cell migration, angiogenesis, and wound healing via macrophage M2 polarization and blocking intravaginal HPV16 infection. Moreover, metabolic profiling revealed that D-lactate may be key to the functions of nCEVs. Altogether, our findings uncover a novel nCEV\/D-lactate-mediated mechanism that promotes homeostasis and offers potential new approaches for the prevention and treatment of CC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study identifies\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      -derived vesicles (nCEVs) as crucial for cervicovaginal homeostasis, functioning through promoting wound healing via macrophage polarization and blocking HPV infection, and delivering D-lactate\u2014a key bioactive component. These insights advance microbiome-based female healthcare interventions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00683-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T13:02:28Z","timestamp":1755608548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["<i>Lactobacillus crispatus<\/i>\n                    -derived nCEV vesicles promote cutaneous wound healing and inhibit HPV16 infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1085-7262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013q1eq08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center of diagnosis and treatment for cervical & uterine cavity disease, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Key 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