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However, these organisms have been underrepresented and taxonomically unresolved in previous research. In this study, we employ high-resolution sequencing to delve into the fungal diversity within two distinct Scandinavian Lake data sets spanning a vast latitudinal gradient across Norway and Sweden, diverse climatic zones ranging from nemoral to arctic, and a wide spectrum of nutrient conditions. Utilizing eukaryotic 18S primers, we reveal that fungi contribute, on average, 2.07% in the Norwegian and 5.4% in the Swedish sequencing data set, with remarkable spikes of up to 55% in forested lakes. Fungus-specific 5.8S-ITS2 sequencing identified the prevalence of several fungal phyla, including\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ascomycota<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rozellomycota<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Basidiomycota<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chytridiomycota<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aphelidiomycota<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mortierellomycota<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Notably, our research uncovers a striking degree of variability in fungal communities across the studied lakes. Null model analyses on the entire community, as well as subsets of transient and resident members, revealed that deterministic selection plays a secondary role. Instead, community assembly was overwhelmingly governed by stochastic ecological drift across all tested groups. These findings challenge conventional paradigms of eukaryotic communities being strongly guided by deterministic processes and underscore the complexity of community assembly processes across the fungal kingdom. The dominance of ecological drift and stochasticity in the assembly process emphasizes that conservation should target entire communities, processes, and areas instead of single species, as should be the case in deterministically assembled communities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fungi perform a range of key functions in freshwater environments. Here, we show that fungi, including members of the phyla\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ascomycota<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rozellomycota<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Basidiomycota<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chytridiomycota<\/jats:italic>\n                      , represent a diverse part of the epilimnetic planktonic community in Scandinavian lakes. Fungal community assembly across northern climate zones is shown to have a low signal for determinism, as environmental sorting was weak in overwriting dispersal-related processes and ecological drift. Furthermore, we expand knowledge of the ecological range of key freshwater fungi and link taxa to biogeographic patterns in lakes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00691-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T13:00:31Z","timestamp":1787230831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low determinism in community assembly of transient and resident pelagic fungi across climate zones in Scandinavian lakes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2674-8650","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Martin-Sanchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xtthb56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03s0hv140","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Environmental Microbiology and Cultural Heritage group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiolog\u00eda de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC)","place":["Seville, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Wurzbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kkvpp62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich","place":["Munich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Fontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xtthb56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xtthb56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Jimenez Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xtthb56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heli","family":"Juottonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05n3dz165","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","place":["Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Valiente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xtthb56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xtthb56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05r78ng12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Science and Agroforestry Technology and Genetics, University of Castilla-La Mancha","place":["Albacete, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Even","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xtthb56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xtthb56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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