{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:59:38Z","timestamp":1790085578150,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DE031025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE031025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSystems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This prospective cohort study investigated the longitudinal development of the salivary bacteriome, virome, and metabolome during early infancy. We assessed the associations between oral bacteria, viruses, and metabolites from 10 mother-infant dyads, with oral samples collected at 1 and 2 years of age. Forty saliva and plaque samples underwent untargeted metabolomic analysis, and infant saliva samples underwent metagenomic sequencing. Maternal salivary and plaque metabolomic profiles remained largely stable, whereas infant profiles were clearly separated from maternal profiles and changed with age. Notably, infant dental plaque metabolism underwent more substantial changes from year 1 to year 2 than saliva, with age-dependent metabolite shifts mainly involving energy, amino acid, nucleotide, and lipid metabolic pathways. Our findings also revealed significant developmental shifts in salivary bacteriome, virome, and functional pathway profiles during early childhood. The most abundant oral bacteria in early life, comprising over 75% of total abundance, included\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Veillonella, Streptococcus, Rothia, Prevotella, Neisseria<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Actinomyces species<\/jats:italic>\n                      . While human viruses like\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Roseolovirus<\/jats:italic>\n                      were detected, bacteriophages constituted the majority of the virome. Comparing infants at year 1 and year 2, we identified differentially abundant bacteria, viruses, metabolic functional pathways, and specific metabolites. We observed associations between bacteria and viruses, noting that these cross-kingdom relationships attenuated as infants grew. The study results underscore the complex and dynamic development of the oral microbiome, virome, and metabolome during early childhood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>The human oral cavity undergoes substantial microbial and metabolic development during early childhood, yet the temporal changes in the infant oral ecosystem remain incompletely understood. In this study, we longitudinally profiled the salivary metabolome, bacteriome, and virome of infants at 1 and 2 years of age. We demonstrated that the infant oral metabolome undergoes substantial developmental shifts, particularly in pathways related to energy, amino acid, and lipid metabolism; whereas maternal metabolic profiles remained stable over the same period. Furthermore, our results revealed the dynamic assembly of infant salivary virome and bacteriome and their associations with the functional pathways and metabolites. These findings provide new insights into the complex and dynamic development of the oral microbiome, virome, and metabolome in early infancy.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00946-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T13:01:36Z","timestamp":1788181296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal development of infant oral ecosystem: salivary metabolomic, bacteriome, and virome dynamics in early infancy"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0406-4227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00trqv719","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical 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