{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:51:56Z","timestamp":1792821116337,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSystems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mainly induced by high-fat diets (HFD) is becoming a prevalent and serious metabolic disease worldwide. Although probiotics are considered a treatment for T2DM, the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic effects of the specific strain remain unclear. Thus, elucidating the strain-dependent mechanisms and identifying effective probiotic strains for T2DM management are critically needed. In this study,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      was administered to HFD-induced T2DM mice to evaluate its effects on fasting blood glucose (FBG), body weight (BW), gut microbiota (GM) composition, gut metabolites, and liver gene expression. We found that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      supplementation significantly reduced FBG, insulin levels, and BW, while ameliorating liver and pancreatic damage in T2DM mice. Furthermore, shifts in gut microbial composition were observed following\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      intervention, characterized by the suppression of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus johnsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroides acidifaciens<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Alistipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp., and bacterium D1676, along with enrichment of beneficial strains, such as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. acidophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterorhabdus<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. P55, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroides caecimuris<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Besides,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      administration significantly increased the concentrations of glycocholic acid, arachidonic acid, L-tryptophan, and palmitic acid while decreasing chenodeoxycholic acid concentration. This modulation is accompanied by the upregulation of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hmgcr<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ugt1a5<\/jats:italic>\n                      mRNA expression, leading to increased levels of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TGR5<\/jats:italic>\n                      (G protein-coupled bile receptor) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">GLP1R<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor). Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses confirmed that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      alleviates T2DM caused by HFD through upregulating the bile acid secretion pathway. The results demonstrate that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ameliorates symptoms in T2DM mice through the gut-liver axis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      T2DM is becoming a global health problem linked to poor diet and metabolic disorders. The probiotic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      offers a promising natural approach by targeting two key factors: gut bacteria balance and bile acid function. In HFD-fed mice, this treatment helps restore healthy gut microbes and improves bile acid signaling, which together lower blood glucose, reduce inflammation, and protect against liver damage. Unlike many diabetes medications,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      works with the body\u2019s natural systems, potentially providing a safer, long-term solution. This research highlights how probiotics could complement existing therapies, offering novel therapeutic strategies for diabetes treatment through the gut-liver axis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00965-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T13:02:34Z","timestamp":1761829354000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Multi-omics analysis reveals the mechanism of\n                    <i>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/i>\n                    in alleviating metabolic disorders in type 2 diabetic mice through the gut-liver axis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5433-3411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caili","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University","place":["Hefei, 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