{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T17:37:05Z","timestamp":1792258625483,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020950","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["112-2320-B-182-036-MY3, 112-2320-B-182-042-MY3, and 114-2321-B-182A-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2320-B-182-036-MY3, 112-2320-B-182-042-MY3, and 114-2321-B-182A-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005795","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPD1L0321, CMRPD1M0491-2, CORPD1M0021-3, and CMRPD1P0161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD1L0321, CMRPD1M0491-2, CORPD1M0021-3, and CMRPD1P0161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020950","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["112-2320-B-007-004-MY3 and 114-2320-B-007-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2320-B-007-004-MY3 and 114-2320-B-007-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSystems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The genetic variability of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      contributes to differences in the severity of gastrointestinal diseases. Within the stomach,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibits diverse strain patterns and genetic variations that enable the evolution of new virulence factors, development of antibiotic resistance, and evasion of the host immune system. However, the comprehensive analysis of whole-genome sequences and their functional impact on gastric epithelial cells remains limited. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                      assembly, and comparative genomic analysis on two pairs of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains (v225\/v226 and v290\/v291) isolated from the antrum and corpus of two peptic ulcer patients. Bioinformatic tools were used to annotate and compare genes related to adhesion and virulence. Functional assays were conducted to assess strain-specific pathogenic effects on gastric epithelial cells. The analyses revealed substantial genetic heterogeneity between antral and corpus isolates, particularly in adhesion-related genes (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">sabA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">babA\/B<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), the cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cag<\/jats:italic>\n                      -PAI) cluster, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vacA<\/jats:italic>\n                      sequences. Functional assays demonstrated region-specific differences, with corpus strains showing stronger adhesion and pro-inflammatory responses, whereas antral strains exhibited higher vacuolating activity. These findings demonstrate the ability of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      to colonize specific stomach regions, undergo genetic diversification, and evolve niche-specific adaptations and pathogenicity in different gastric environments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                        is a major cause of severe gastrointestinal diseases. It can establish persistent colonization in different regions of the stomach, where distinct environmental conditions drive niche-specific adaptation. Here, we found that\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                        evolves genetic diversity in various factors, including virulence factors, adhesion molecules, and outer membrane proteins, to facilitate persistent colonization. Understanding how\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                        generates genetic diversity to support colonization is crucial for developing more effective infection management strategies, improving molecular detection, and refining personalized treatment approaches.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01029-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T12:00:10Z","timestamp":1758542410000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Region-specific genomic variation and functional divergence of\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    clinical isolates from the gastric antrum and corpus"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7145-784X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chih-Ho","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00d80zx46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02dnn6q67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00v408z34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, China Medical University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cyq8n55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Nursing, Asia University","place":["Taichung, Taiwan"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00d80zx46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Translational Medicine, Chang Gung University","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00d80zx46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Yu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00d80zx46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00k194y12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","place":["Kaohsiung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiao-Wen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013zjb662","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung","place":["Kaohsiung, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan N. U.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00d80zx46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruei-Lin","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00d80zx46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngoc-Niem","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00d80zx46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of 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