{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T10:03:18Z","timestamp":1788688998085,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2302700, 2023YFC2305900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2302700, 2023YFC2305900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSystems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mosquitoes harbor diverse microbial communities that influence their potential to transmit pathogens. However, the ecological drivers shaping these microbiomes, particularly in under-sampled regions like Africa, remain poorly resolved. We conducted a large-scale metatranscriptomic survey of 3,940\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes from diverse ecological zones across Kenya. Our analyses revealed that viruses dominated the overall transcriptome, while bacteria exhibited the greatest taxonomic richness. Geographic location emerged as the primary driver of microbial community structure, whereas host genus identity shaped virome diversity at local or city-level scales.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes harbored higher viral richness, particularly in coastal regions, while\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                      supported more diverse bacterial assemblages. Microbial co-occurrence networks exhibited distinct topologies across hosts:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                      networks featured cross-domain interactions and viral keystone taxa, whereas\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                      networks were more cohesive and robust, centered on bacterial hubs. We identified 102 distinct viruses from 24 families, including 31 putative novel RNA viruses. Segment-resolved phylogenies revealed cryptic clades within\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bunyavirales, Picornavirales,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and other lineages. Collectively, our findings highlight the scale-dependent influences of geography and host identity on mosquito microbiomes in East Africa and demonstrate the utility of metatranscriptomics in uncovering hidden microbial diversity and ecological interactions. These insights provide a foundation for ecologically informed arthropod vector surveillance and microbiome-based intervention strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>Mosquitoes are more than just flying syringes; they are complex ecosystems hosting a variety of microbes. Understanding what shapes this microbial world inside mosquitoes is key to developing new control strategies. Our study of nearly 4,000 mosquitoes from Kenya reveals that where a mosquito lives matters most for its overall microbial makeup, but its genus dictates which viruses it carries. We discovered that different mosquito types have distinct microbial social networks: one type has a fragile network centered on viruses, while the other has a resilient network built around bacteria. This means that strategies to disrupt disease transmission by targeting mosquito microbes may need to be tailored to a specific mosquito genus. Our work provides a map of these microbial ecosystems, highlighting potential new viruses and offering insights for future public health surveillance and interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01427-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T14:01:09Z","timestamp":1768917669000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Host and geography shape microbial communities in Kenyan mosquitoes: insights from metatranscriptomics"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0293-2875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nailou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jxjav08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evans","family":"Atoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jxjav08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qbk4x57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Nyaruaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jxjav08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qbk4x57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kibaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01r7awg59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph","place":["Guelph, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kibet","family":"Shadrack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/015h5sy57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jxjav08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Agwanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04sjpp691","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mammalogy Section, National Museum of Kenya","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jxjav08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qbk4x57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5461-4786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3234-9616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiming","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jxjav08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qbk4x57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9932-6040","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Han","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01jxjav08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qbk4x57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"WHO. 2024. Vector-borne diseases. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/vector-borne-diseases. Retrieved 2 Jul 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302089111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0376-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007213"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2014.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.630438"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.11.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125066"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32473\/edis-in1434-2024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2030243"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14102197"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2022.957109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/INMD.20220001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/iey118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06711-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-024-02444-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61027-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06813-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00203-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.68353"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13020107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04655-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52004\/2054930x-20251015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v10010030"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01556-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veac090"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-024-02365-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2403591122"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00640-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0734-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00857-2"}],"container-title":["mSystems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/msystems.01427-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/msystems.01427-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T14:02:37Z","timestamp":1771336957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/msystems.01427-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/msystems.01427-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.01427-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-5077"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-5077","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01427-25"}}