{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T15:02:43Z","timestamp":1771340563641,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC2 DK116713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC2 DK116713"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 OD024917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 OD024917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI141716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI141716"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009340","name":"Children's Discovery Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MI-II-2019-790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MI-II-2019-790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009340","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSystems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Optimization of prophylactic vaccine regimens to elicit strong, long-lasting immunity is an urgent need highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Stronger vaccine immunogenicity is frequently reported in individuals living in high-income countries compared to individuals living in low- and middle-income countries. While numerous host genetic and immune factors may influence vaccine responses, geographic restrictions to vaccine effectiveness may also be influenced by the intestinal microbiota, which modulates host immune systems. However, the potential role of the gut microbiota on responses to HIV-1 vaccines has not yet been explored. We analyzed the bacteriome by targeted 16S sequencing and the virome by virus-like particle sequencing of 154 fecal samples collected from healthy individuals in Uganda, Rwanda, and the United States early (week 2) and late (week 26) after vaccination with multivalent adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26)-vectored mosaic HIV-1 vaccines. Vaccination did not affect the enteric bacteriome or virome regardless of geographic location. However, geography was the major driver of microbiota differences within this cohort. Differences in overall bacterial and viral diversity and in specific microbial taxa, including\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroidota<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillota<\/jats:italic>\n                      , between participants from the United States and East African countries correlated with differential immune responses, including specific antibody titers, antibody functionality, and cellular immune responses to vaccination regimens. These findings support the microbiota as a putative modifier of vaccine immunogenicity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Our research examined how gut bacteria might influence vaccine effectiveness in different parts of the world. We studied adults from the United States, Rwanda, and Uganda who received an experimental HIV vaccine. We found that participants from East Africa had more diverse gut bacteria than those from the United States, but their immune responses to the vaccine were weaker. This is the first study to directly show this relationship between higher gut bacterial diversity and reduced vaccine effectiveness in the same group of people. We also identified specific types of bacteria that were linked to either stronger or weaker immune responses. These findings are particularly relevant now as we use vaccines globally to fight diseases like COVID-19, as they suggest that regional differences in gut bacteria\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroidota<\/jats:italic>\n                        and\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillota<\/jats:italic>\n                        might help explain why vaccines work better in some places than others. This could inform how we design and test future vaccines.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01435-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T14:00:37Z","timestamp":1768485637000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between the microbiome and immune responses to an adenovirus-based HIV-1 candidate vaccine are distinct between African and US cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2413-0937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Stieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen Vaccines and Prevention BV","place":["Leiden, the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Droit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0971-6024","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew HyoungJin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9372-3758","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kathie A.","family":"Mihindukulasuriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria G.","family":"Pau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen Vaccines and Prevention BV","place":["Leiden, the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olive","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janssen R&D BE","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8580-7628","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Herbert W.","family":"Virgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center","place":["Dallas, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5127-4659","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dan H.","family":"Barouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, USA"]},{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7030-6131","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Megan T.","family":"Baldridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]},{"name":"Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2143-6570","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Scott A.","family":"Handley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]},{"name":"Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine","place":["St. Louis, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","volume-title":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS) Global HIV & AIDS statistics \u2014 Fact sheet","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2021","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 2021. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS) Global HIV & AIDS statistics \u2014 Fact sheet. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/fact-sheet."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61591-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1310566"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428404"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70098-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2020.1718497"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.590780"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","volume-title":"HIV Sequence Compendium","author":"Foley LT","year":"2018","unstructured":"FoleyLT, Apetrei C, Hahn B, Mizrachi I, Mullins JI, Rambaut A, Wolinsky S, Korber B, eds. 2018. HIV Sequence Compendium. Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, LA-UR 18."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30647-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102682"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2089"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2108"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.09.061"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30229-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1461"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy212"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu485"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis670"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30001-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31364-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. 2021. HIV vaccine candidate does not sufficiently protect women against HIV infection. New release. Available from: https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/news-events\/news-releases\/hiv-vaccine-candidate-does-not-sufficiently-protect-women-against-hiv-infection"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00554-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002504"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI75429"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00579-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0880"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309990"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.5MR0617-216R"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3937"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000141955.47550.A0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326563"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1013"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.02.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy568"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000534"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01843-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1113425"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007730"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000080107"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1244"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-161"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.06.077"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv033"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2016.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1604560113"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-00971-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3519"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005963107"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.151803.112"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0164-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040362"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67078-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2018.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7505"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.10.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-0630-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32191"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001190"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028860"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00084-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020163"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.103.2.247"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2192-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab1253"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130555"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1489"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.08.069"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2108829"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003813"}],"container-title":["mSystems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/msystems.01435-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/msystems.01435-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T14:02:17Z","timestamp":1771336937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/msystems.01435-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Renuka R.","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/msystems.01435-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.01435-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-5077"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-5077","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01435-25"}}