{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T07:00:39Z","timestamp":1789801239046,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSystems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              Fosfomycin represents a last-line reserve antibiotic for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Nevertheless, the advent of plasmid-mediated fosfomycin resistance among bacteria from humans and food animals incurs great concern. This study reports the detection and genomic portrait of the plasmid-mediated fosfomycin resistance gene,\n              <jats:italic>fosA4<\/jats:italic>\n              , amid\n              <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n              from wild birds co-harboring plasmid-mediated tigecycline resistance gene\n              <jats:italic>, tet<\/jats:italic>\n              (X4), and colistin resistance gene,\n              <jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n              . A total of 100 samples from fecal droppings of wild birds in the urban parks in Faisalabad, Pakistan were subjected for the isolation and characterization of fosfomycin-resistant\n              <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n              . The\n              <jats:italic>fosA4<\/jats:italic>\n              gene was identified in 11 (11%) of the\n              <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n              isolates, and all exhibited an MDR phenotype. Genome sequencing confirmed that all the\n              <jats:italic>fosA4<\/jats:italic>\n              -positive isolates also co-harbored the mobile tigecycline resistance\n              <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n              (X4) gene on a large MDR IncFII plasmid. One isolate PKF8 belonging to ST48 also co-carried the colistin resistance gene\n              <jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n              on the IncHI2 plasmid. To the extent of our knowledge, this is the first discovery of\n              <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n              isolates in wild birds co-harboring the\n              <jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n              ,\n              <jats:italic>fosA4<\/jats:italic>\n              , and\n              <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n              (X4) genes. The emergence of these pivotal antimicrobial resistance genes in wild birds native to South Asia with their close association to humans and animals is alarming. Our findings highlight the urgent need for further surveillance of bacterial resistance to last-resort antibiotics in the clinics, animal farming, and environment with the One Health approach.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              The global spread of the plasmid-mediated fosfomycin resistance gene\n              <jats:italic>fosA4<\/jats:italic>\n              bearing\n              <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n              strains incurs a public health concern. However, research focusing on the pervasiveness of\n              <jats:italic>fosA4<\/jats:italic>\n              -positive isolates in wild birds is still rare, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first documentation from South Asia highlighting the concurrent presence of the\n              <jats:italic>fosA4<\/jats:italic>\n              ,\n              <jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n              , and\n              <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n              (X4) genes within\n              <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n              isolates recovered from fecal samples of wild birds in Pakistan. This co-existence of ARGs along with phylogenetic analysis revealed that MDR plasmids carried by\n              <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n              isolates have the ability to spread horizontally between wild birds, food animals, and humans. Co-existence of\n              <jats:italic>fosA4<\/jats:italic>\n              ,\n              <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n              (X4), and\n              <jats:italic>mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n              -carrying plasmids is worrying and warrants further investigation.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01673-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T13:00:37Z","timestamp":1741870837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Emergence of plasmid-mediated fosfomycin resistance among\n            <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n            harboring\n            <i>fosA4<\/i>\n            ,\n            <i>tet<\/i>\n            (X4), and\n            <i>mcr-1<\/i>\n            genes in wild birds"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4271-5146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asim","family":"Munir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1330-5925","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University","place":["Yangzhou, China"]},{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou Univeristy","place":["Taizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farwa","family":"Humak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture","place":["Faisalabad, Pakistan"]},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II","place":["Naples, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cemil","family":"K\u00fcrekci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University","place":["Hatay, Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Shahid","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture","place":["Faisalabad, 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