{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:50:59Z","timestamp":1785408659658,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fungal biofilms are the most important virulence factors of onychomycosis. However, traditional antifungal therapies lack antibiofilm efficacy. Although neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser is one of the most common laser therapies used for onychomycosis, its usage is restricted to aesthetic endpoints. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the antibiofilm activity of Nd:YAG against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                      (NCCP 22456) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      (NCCP 32703) biofilms. Biofilms were subjected to Nd:YAG (fluence 200 mJ\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , pulse duration, 0.1 ms; spot size, 1.5 mm; frequency, 30 Hz) for cumulative time periods (0, 10, 20, and 60 s). Biofilm biomass, cell viability, and metabolic activity were assessed using crystal violet staining, colony counting, and tetrazolium salt (2,3-bis [2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide; XTT) assay, respectively. Biofilm ultrastructure was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biofilm biomass significantly decreased after 10 s of laser irradiation in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01)\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">,<\/jats:italic>\n                      reaching maximum reductions of 77.1% and 58.1% after 60 s, respectively. Colony counts decreased by 66.0% for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 82.2% (0.75 log) for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; however, these reductions remained below 1 log (&lt;90%), indicating limited viability inhibition. Metabolic activity significantly decreased after 10 s in both strains (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01), reaching a 45.1% reduction in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 72.5% in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      after 60 s. SEM imaging showed damaged hyphae and extracellular matrix in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and shrunken and broken spores in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Overall, Nd:YAG effectively inhibited biofilm biomass, metabolic activity, and structural integrity but had a limited effect on reducing biofilm viability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        This study assessed the effects of neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser irradiation on\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichophyton rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                        and\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                        biofilms, including changes in biomass, viability, metabolic activity, and structure. Regarding\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                        , no previous\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                        study has comprehensively reported on these specific parameters following Nd:YAG exposure. Existing\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                        studies on\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. rubrum<\/jats:italic>\n                        have only assessed the \u201cfungicidal\u201d efficacy of the Nd:YAG laser; the most common method has been measuring the difference in \u201ccolony diameter\u201d between irradiated and non-irradiated colonies, followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging of damaged hyphae. For\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                        , only one study has examined biofilm viability and ultrastructural changes after Nd:YAG irradiation. Therefore, in accordance with recent recommendations for biofilm research, we conducted a thorough assessment of the laser\u2019s antibiofilm activity. The antibiofilm efficacy of the Nd:YAG laser alone was suboptimal, supporting its potential use as an adjunctive therapy rather than a standalone treatment.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00091-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T13:05:01Z","timestamp":1778677501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibiofilm efficacy of 1,064-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser on\n                    <i>Trichophyton rubrum<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Candida albicans<\/i>\n                    :\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    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