{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T19:06:24Z","timestamp":1782155184735,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AuthorWarrantyLicense.v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"HHS | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>We estimated monthly cross-sectional seroprevalence rates of anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) and anti-spike (anti-S) antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in two U.S. nationwide studies. The nationwide blood donor seroprevalence (NBDS) study included specimens from blood donors, while the nationwide commercial laboratory seroprevalence (NCLS) study included residual serum specimens tested in commercial laboratories for reasons unrelated to the assessment of coronavirus disease 2019 infection. In September\u2013December 2021, specimens collected from both nationwide studies were tested for anti-N antibodies. In September\u2013October 2021, specimens from both studies within a five-state area were tested for anti-S antibodies. We used raking methods to adjust all seroprevalence estimates by the population distribution of key demographics in included states. Seroprevalence estimates of each antibody type were compared across the two studies for specimens drawn in the same U.S. states during the same time period. Our analysis revealed that over a 4-month period, national NCLS monthly anti-N estimates were 0.5\u20131.9 percentage points higher than NBDS estimates. In contrast, across five states during a 2-month period, NBDS anti-S estimates were 7.6 and 8.2 percentage points higher than NCLS estimates. The observed differences in seroprevalence estimates between the NBDS and NCLS studies may be attributed to variations in the characteristics of the study sample populations, particularly with respect to health status, health behaviors, and vaccination status. These differences should be considered in the interpretation of seroprevalence study results based on blood donors or commercial lab residual specimens.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study was the first systematic comparison between two nationwide severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) studies which estimated seroprevalence, or the proportion of the population with antibodies to the virus, using differing convenience sample populations. One study tested blood donor specimens; the other study tested specimens left over from clinical blood tests. The seroprevalence of anti-nucleocapsid and anti-spike antibodies was compared in the same states during the same months with statistical adjustments based on state demographics. Similar anti-nucleocapsid antibody seroprevalence estimates produced by two independent studies using differing convenience samples build confidence in the generalizability of their anti-nucleocapsid findings. Due to high blood donor vaccine rates, blood donor SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody estimates might overestimate general population seroprevalence, an important consideration for interpreting national seroprevalence study results. Furthermore, because laboratory residuals and blood donations are two common sources of specimens for seroprevalence studies, study findings may be informative for other respiratory virus seroepidemiology studies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00123-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T13:14:36Z","timestamp":1718284476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence estimates between commercial lab serum specimens and blood donor specimens, United States, September\u2013December 2021"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4987-3983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szu-Yu Zoe","family":"Kao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Nycz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina J.","family":"Benoit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0544-3612","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kristie E. N.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4974-9058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jefferson M.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Multistate assessment of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in blood donors. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/cases-updates\/blood-bank-serosurvey.html. Retrieved 14 Jul 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Commercial laboratory seroprevalence surveys. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/cases-updates\/commercial-lab-surveys.html. Retrieved 14 Jul 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.15161"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15415"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac423"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID data tracker: antibody seroprevalence. Available from: https:\/\/covid.cdc.gov\/covid-data-tracker\/#antibody-seroprevalence. Retrieved 4 Jan 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.7976"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03234-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. American community survey data. Available from: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/acs\/data.html. Retrieved 25 Apr 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344552"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v009.i08"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2010.03055.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.200742"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac470"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:113097"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.00123-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.00123-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T13:09:21Z","timestamp":1722949761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.00123-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Gabriel I.","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.00123-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00123-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00123-24"}}