{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T02:00:42Z","timestamp":1793239242225,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              The management of infections caused by multiresistant bacteria has become of fundamental importance for any medical practice. Glycine is the most common and the simplest non-essential amino acid in humans. Glycine is very effective in improving health and supporting growth and wellbeing of humans and animals. Instead, for many bacteria, high concentrations of glycine induce lysis or deep morphological alterations. The effect of glycine on multidrug resistant (MDR) microorganisms has not yet been extensively researched. The present study was conducted 1) to establish the effect of glycine on different nosocomial pathogens isolated during routine diagnostic investigations; 2) to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of glycine and the type of activity performed (bacteriostatic or bactericidal) on representative isolates; 3) to test the interaction between glycine and meropenem, cefiderocol, or colistin. The data reported here show a dose-dependent activity of glycine on bacteria and its bactericidal activity on MDR bacteria. Furthermore, we found that the action of glycine restores\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              the susceptibility of multiresistant nosocomial pathogens to the tested antibiotics.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                Antimicrobial resistance is a constantly growing concern throughout the world, and Italy is among the Western countries where antimicrobial resistance is most widespread. In Tuscany, carbapenemase-producing\n                <jats:italic>Enterobacterales<\/jats:italic>\n                are now even endemic. In this study, we challenged some resistant bacteria with a well-known molecule, glycine, the antibacterial properties of which have been known since the past century. This study could bring new insights into combining antibiotics with the simplest of all amino acids. The restoration of sensitivity to the aforementioned antibiotics by a natural compound, already used for clinical purposes, is of extreme importance in an era of proliferation of multiresistant bacteria. The\n                <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                use of this amino acid in evaluating its effectiveness against infections should be investigated. The low cost of this molecule can also make it easy to use even in low-income countries.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00164-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T13:03:34Z","timestamp":1718715814000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Glycine restores the sensitivity to antibiotics in multidrug-resistant bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0735-726X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cesira","family":"Giordano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Barnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill J. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations. The review on antimicrobial resistance. 2016. https:\/\/amr-review.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"ECDC. 2023. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2023 - 2021 data. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Surveillance report. Available from: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/antimicrobial-resistance-surveillance-europe-2023-2021-data"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.48.2001779"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400031570"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.107.2780.376"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.29.2.66"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700610409"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.96.6.1889-1894.1968"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.89.4.1124-1127.1965"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb1961.35.2050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.10.3782-3788.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(11)80069-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab495"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000438"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2019.1588880"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0851-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlad078"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.03.058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa586"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00268-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.14.580141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00551-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"285","article-title":"The problem of synergism and antagonisms of combined drugs","volume":"3","author":"Loewe S","year":"1953","unstructured":"Loewe S. 1953. The problem of synergism and antagonisms of combined drugs. Arzneimittelforsch - Drug Res 3:285\u2013290.","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforsch - Drug Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01121-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"BR55","article-title":"A novel culturing system for fluid samples","volume":"15","author":"Fontana C","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fontana C, Favaro M, Minelli S, Bossa MC, Altieri A, Favalli C. 2009. A novel culturing system for fluid samples. Med Sci Monit 15:BR55\u201360.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.57.4.1194-1201.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.55.12.3119-3123.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5580\/2955"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1716701"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200116020-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.116.2.1029-1053.1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill J. 2014. Review on antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. Available from: https:\/\/amr-review.org\/sites\/default\/files\/AMR"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34312-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","unstructured":"Bracing for superbugs: strengthening environmental action in the one health response to antimicrobial resistance. https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/superbugs\/environmental-action"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.00164-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.00164-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T13:21:27Z","timestamp":1722950487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.00164-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.00164-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00164-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00164-24"}}