{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T19:22:29Z","timestamp":1791660149643,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009032","name":"Pfizer UK","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              The Southampton pneumococcal carriage study of children under 5 years old continued during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Here, we present data from October 2018 to March 2023 describing prevalence of pneumococci and other pathobionts during the winter seasons before, during, and after the introduction of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from children attending outpatient clinics at a secondary care hospital and community healthcare sites. Pre-NPIs, in 2019\/2020, the carriage prevalence of pneumococci at the hospital site was 32% (\n              <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n              = 161 positive\/499 participants). During NPIs, this fell to 19% (\n              <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n              = 12\/64), although based on fewer participants compared to previous years due to COVID-19 restrictions on health-care attendance. In 2021\/2022, after NPIs had eased, prevalence rebounded to 33% (\n              <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n              = 15\/46) [compared to NPIs period,\n              <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n              (1,\n              <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n              = 110) =2.78,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              = 0.09]. Carriage prevalence at community healthcare sites fell significantly from 27% (\n              <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n              = 127\/470) in 2019\/2020 to 19% during the NPI period (\n              <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n              = 44\/228) in 2020\/2021 [\n              <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n              (1,\n              <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n              = 698) =4.95,\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              = 0.026]. No rebound was observed in 2021\/2022 [19% (\n              <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n              = 56\/288)]. However, in a multivariate logistic regression model, neither site had a significantly lower carriage prevalence during the NPI period compared to the post NPI period. A reduction in serotype diversity was observed in 2020\/2021. Carriage of\n              <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n              was particularly affected by NPIs with a significant reduction observed. In conclusion, among children under 5 years of age, transient, modest, and statistically non-significant alterations in carriage of both\n              <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n              were associated with SARS-CoV-2 NPIs.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                (the pneumococcus) continues to be a major contributor to global morbidity and mortality. Using our long-running pediatric study, we examined changes in pneumococcal carriage prevalence in nearly 3,000 children under the age of 5 years between the winters of 2018\/2019 and 2022\/2023. This period coincided with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic and, in particular, the implementation of national strategies to limit disease transmission in the UK. We observed a transient reduction of both\n                <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                and\n                <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                in these populations during this period of non-pharmaceutical interventions. This aligned with the reduction in invasive pneumococcal disease seen in the UK and is therefore a likely contributor to this phenomenon.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00224-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T13:19:38Z","timestamp":1720703978000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 transiently reduced pneumococcal and\n            <i>Haemophilus influenzae<\/i>\n            carriage in a cross-sectional pediatric cohort in Southampton, UK"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4533-0700","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David W.","family":"Cleary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Campling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines Medical Affairs, Pfizer Ltd, Tadworth, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Lahuerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Respiratory Vaccines, Scientific and Medical Affairs, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyla","family":"Hayford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Respiratory Vaccines, Scientific and Medical Affairs, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Southern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidence Generation, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradford D.","family":"Gessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Respiratory Vaccines, Scientific and Medical Affairs, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2182-0222","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephanie W.","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen D.","family":"Bentley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saul N.","family":"Faust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom"},{"name":"NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton Foundation NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom"},{"name":"NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton Foundation NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7009-1548","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stuart C.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom"},{"name":"NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton Foundation NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32661-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","volume-title":"Coronavirus: a history of English lockdown laws","author":"Brown J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brown J, Esme K-W, Carl B, Sarah B. 2021. 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